Drain Cleaning Services

Drain Cleaning Services Offered by Top Rated Plumbers

Clogged drains. Two words that can send a shiver down any homeowners spine. From the slow gurgle of a reluctant sink to the standing water in the shower, a blocked drain is never a welcome guest. Thankfully, top-rated plumbers offer a range of drain cleaning services to tackle even the most stubborn clogs and keep your plumbing flowing smoothly.


These arent your grandpas drain cleaning methods anymore. While a plunger and some drain cleaner might work for a minor blockage, professional plumbers bring a whole arsenal of tools and expertise to the table. They can diagnose the root cause of the problem, whether its a hair clog, grease buildup, or even tree roots infiltrating your pipes.


For simple blockages, plumbers might use a drain snake, also known as an auger. This flexible tool navigates the twists and turns of your pipes, breaking up and removing clogs. For more serious obstructions, hydro jetting is a powerful option. This technique uses high-pressure water to blast away debris and thoroughly clean the pipe walls, preventing future clogs.


Top-rated plumbers also understand the importance of preventative maintenance. They can offer advice on how to avoid clogs in the first place, such as using strainers in sinks and showers, and being mindful of what goes down the drain. They can also perform regular drain cleaning to keep your pipes clear and prevent small issues from becoming major headaches.


So, the next time youre faced with a stubborn clog, dont despair. Call a top-rated plumber. Their drain cleaning services offer a fast, effective, and long-lasting solution to keep your plumbing system in tip-top shape. Youll be back to enjoying clear, free-flowing drains in no time.

Drain Cleaning Services Offered by Top Rated Plumbers

What to Expect During a Drain Cleaning Service from a Top Rated Plumber

So, youve called in the plumbing cavalry – a top-rated drain cleaning pro – to tackle that stubborn clog. Good move! But what exactly should you expect when they arrive, besides a hopefully cheerful demeanor and a van full of tools? Here's the lowdown on a typical drain cleaning service call.


First, expect a bit of detective work. A reputable plumber wont just dive in with a snake. Theyll ask questions: When did the problem start? What drains are affected? Have you tried any DIY remedies (and if so, please be honest – we wont judge… much)? This helps them pinpoint the issue and determine the best course of action.


Next, theyll likely want to visually inspect the affected drain(s). This might involve peeking down the sink, removing a drain cover, or even scoping the pipes with a camera. This camera inspection is particularly useful for identifying deeper issues, like tree root intrusions or pipe damage, that a simple snaking wont fix.


Once theyve diagnosed the problem, theyll explain the recommended solution and the associated cost. Dont be afraid to ask questions! A good plumber will happily walk you through the process and explain why a particular method is necessary.


The actual cleaning process can vary depending on the clogs severity and location. It might involve something as simple as using a plunger or drain auger (a.k.a. a plumbers snake) to break up the blockage. For tougher clogs, they might use hydro jetting, which blasts high-pressure water through the pipes to scour away debris. This is particularly effective for removing grease buildup and other stubborn obstructions.


After the drain is clear, the plumber will usually test the flow to ensure everything is working properly. They might run water down the drain or flush the toilet a few times. Theyll also discuss any preventative measures you can take to avoid future clogs, like using drain strainers or avoiding pouring grease down the sink.


Finally, expect a bit of cleanup. A good plumber will leave your bathroom or kitchen as clean as they found it, removing any debris or wastewater generated during the process.


So, in short, expect a professional, thorough, and hopefully clog-free experience. A top-rated plumber will not only clear your drains but also provide valuable insights and advice to keep your plumbing system running smoothly.

Choosing the Right Drain Cleaning Service for Your Needs (Top Rated Plumber Focus)

Choosing the right drain cleaning service can feel like navigating a murky pipe system itself – confusing and potentially messy if you make the wrong choice. Nobody wants to deal with a backed-up sink or overflowing toilet, so finding a reliable plumber quickly becomes a top priority. But how do you sift through the seemingly endless options and find a top-rated drain cleaning service that meets your specific needs?


First, consider the scope of the problem. Is it a slow-draining sink or a completely blocked main sewer line? A simple clog might be tackled by a handyman or a smaller plumbing company, but more complex issues require the expertise and specialized equipment of a seasoned professional. Look for plumbers who specialize in drain cleaning and have experience with various drain issues.


Next, do your research. Online reviews are a goldmine of information, offering insights into other customers experiences. Look for patterns – are people consistently praising a companys responsiveness, professionalism, and fair pricing? Or are there red flags about hidden fees or shoddy workmanship? Dont rely solely on online reviews; ask friends, family, and neighbors for recommendations. Word-of-mouth referrals can be invaluable.


Dont be afraid to ask questions. A reputable drain cleaning service will be happy to discuss their process, provide upfront pricing, and answer any concerns you may have. Inquire about their methods – do they use hydro jetting, snaking, or other techniques? Ask about guarantees and warranties. A transparent and communicative plumber is a good sign.


Finally, consider the cost. While price shouldnt be the sole determining factor, its important to get a few estimates and compare. Be wary of unusually low prices, as they could indicate inexperience or the use of subpar equipment. Remember, the cheapest option isnt always the best – investing in a quality drain cleaning service can save you money and headaches in the long run. By taking the time to research and choose wisely, you can find a top-rated plumber who will clear your drains efficiently and effectively, leaving you with peace of mind and a smoothly flowing plumbing system.

Choosing the Right Drain Cleaning Service for Your Needs (Top Rated Plumber Focus)
Benefits of Hiring a Top Rated Plumber for Drain Cleaning

Benefits of Hiring a Top Rated Plumber for Drain Cleaning

Clogged drains are a universal homeowner headache. We’ve all been there: the slow draining sink, the standing water in the shower, the gurgling noises that suggest something’s amiss beneath the surface. While DIY solutions like plunging and drain snakes can sometimes offer a temporary fix, for truly effective and long-lasting drain cleaning, hiring a top-rated plumber is a worthwhile investment.


Top-rated plumbers bring more than just a sturdy plunger to the table. They possess in-depth knowledge of plumbing systems, allowing them to diagnose the root cause of your drainage problem. This goes beyond simply clearing the immediate blockage. They can identify underlying issues like pipe corrosion, tree root intrusion, or even problems with the main sewer line that could lead to more serious and costly repairs down the road. A quick fix might seem appealing in the moment, but a professional assessment can prevent future headaches and save you money in the long run.


Furthermore, top-rated plumbers utilize advanced tools and techniques that arent typically available to the average homeowner. Hydro jetting, for example, uses high-pressure water to scour the inside of pipes, removing stubborn buildup and leaving them sparkling clean. This method is far more effective than traditional snaking and helps prevent future clogs. They also have access to camera inspection equipment, allowing them to visually inspect the inside of your pipes, pinpoint the exact location of the problem, and determine the best course of action. This eliminates guesswork and ensures a targeted, efficient solution.


Beyond their technical expertise, hiring a top-rated plumber also offers peace of mind. They are licensed, insured, and bonded, protecting you from liability in case of accidents or damage. Their work is typically guaranteed, giving you assurance that the problem will be resolved effectively. Plus, they can offer valuable advice on preventative maintenance, helping you keep your drains flowing freely and avoid future plumbing emergencies.


In short, while tackling a clogged drain yourself might seem like a cost-saving measure, it can often lead to temporary solutions and potentially exacerbate the problem. Investing in a top-rated plumber for drain cleaning provides expert diagnosis, advanced solutions, and long-term peace of mind, ensuring your plumbing system stays healthy and problem-free for years to come.

Pipe(s), PIPE(S) or piping may refer to:

Objects

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Music

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  • Pipe (instrument), a traditional perforated wind instrument
  • Bagpipe, a class of musical instrument, aerophones using enclosed reeds
    • Pipes and drums or pipe bands, composed of musicians who play the Scottish and Irish bagpipes
  • Organ pipe, one of the tuned resonators that produces the main sound of a pipe organ
  • Pan pipes, see Pan flute, an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe
  • Piped music, or elevator music, a type of background music
  • "Pipe", by Christie Front Drive from Christie Front Drive, 1994

Computing

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Technology

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  • Pipe (casting), a type of metal-casting defect
  • Boatswain's pipe, an instrument used for signalling or to issue commands on a warship
  • PIPES, a common buffer used in chemistry and biology laboratory work
  • Pipe (car), a Belgian automobile manufacturer

Places

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People

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Other uses

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See also

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Plumber
Residential plumber at work.
Occupation
Occupation type
Vocational
Activity sectors
Construction
Description
Education required
Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Apprenticeship
Related jobs
Carpenter, electrician

A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, hot-water production, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems.[1][2]

History

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The origin of the word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[3][4] Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[5] and some were also covered with lead; lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[6] The Latin for lead is plumbum. In medieval times, anyone who worked with lead was referred to as a plumber; this can be seen from an extract about workmen fixing a roof in Westminster Palace; they were referred to as plumbers: "To Gilbert de Westminster, plumber, working about the roof of the pantry of the little hall, covering it with lead, and about various defects in the roof of the little hall".[7]

Plumbing activities

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Plumber exiting a sewer via a manhole

Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

Common plumbing tasks and skills include:

  • Reading drawings and specifications, to determine the layout of water supply, waste, and venting systems
  • Detecting faults in plumbing appliances and systems, and correctly diagnosing their causes
  • Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing fixtures and systems
  • Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in walls and floors
  • Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or machines
  • Joining pipes and fittings together using soldering techniques, compression fittings, threaded fittings, solvent weld, crimp and push-fit fittings.
  • Testing pipes for leaks using air or water pressure gauges
  • Paying attention, in all work undertaken, to legal regulations and safety issues
  • Ensuring that all safety standards and building regulations are met.

Australia

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Plumbing work is defined in the Australian Standards (AS3500) Regulations 2013 and refers to any operation, work or process in connection with installation, removal, demolition, replacement, alteration, maintenance or repair to the system of pipes and fixtures that conveys clean water into and liquid waste out of a building.

To become a licensed plumber a four year apprenticeship and a Certificate III in Plumbing is required. As part of this course, instruction in the basics of gas fitting will be undertaken. Upon completion, these basics in gas fitting will allow the plumber to not only apply for their plumbing license but also an interim gas license, and carry out gas work under the supervision of a fully qualified gas fitter.

To obtain a full gas license from the Department of Mines and Energy, the plumber will need to have worked on an interim gas license for a minimum period of twelve months and successfully completed a Certificate IV in Plumbing.

Canada

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In Canada, licensing requirements differ by province; however, the provinces have pooled resources to develop an Interprovincial Program Guide that developed and now maintains apprenticeship training standards across all provinces. The Red Seal Program, formally known as the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program, is a program that sets common standards to assess the skills of tradespeople across Canada.[8] The Red Seal, when affixed to a provincial or territorial trade certificate, indicates that a tradesperson has demonstrated the knowledge required for the national standard in that trade.

Colombia

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Plumbing is not regulated in Colombia, so anyone can provide this service. Plumbers usually learn the trade because their families work in the construction industry, and they specialize in this field, but anyone can legally offer plumbing services. The most popular training institution for trades is SENA, a public school that provides high-quality education, though it is not mandatory.

Ireland

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In Ireland, a four-year apprenticeship plus qualification exam was necessary for someone to practice professionally. Accreditation of businesses is of great help in order to show their credibility and experience in the job.

United Kingdom

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National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) remained the main form of plumbing qualification until they were superseded in 2008 by the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF)[9] and then again, in 2015, into the National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom. The terms NVQ and SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) are still widely used.[10]

Plumbers in the United Kingdom are required to pass Level 2 and Level 3 vocational requirements of the City and Guilds of London Institute. There are several regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom providing accredited plumbing qualifications, including City and Guilds of London Institute and Pearson PLC.[11]

United States

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Each state and locality may have its own licensing and taxing schemes for plumbers. Some states license journeymen and master plumbers separately, while others license only master plumbers. To become licensed, plumbers must meet standards for training and experience, and in most cases, pass a certification exam.[12] There is no federal law establishing licenses for plumbers.[13]

Dangers

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There are many types of dangers to a plumber. These include electric shock, strains and sprains, cuts and lacerations, bruises and contusions, fractures, burns and scalds, foreign bodies in the eye, and hernias.[14] Working at height or in confined spaces, or working with lead and asbestos are all on-site dangers that plumbers can face.[15]

Infectious disease risks

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Plumbers risk infections[16] when dealing with human waste while repairing sewage systems. Microbes can be excreted in the faecal matter or vomit of the sufferer onto the toilet or sewage pipes. Human waste can contain infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.

Other uses

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The term "White House Plumbers" was a popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established on July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Their job was to plug intelligence "leaks" in the U.S. Government relating to the Vietnam War (i.e. the Pentagon Papers); hence the term "plumbers".[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Whitney, William D., ed.. "Trade." Def, 7. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language vol. 8. New York. The Century Co. 1895. 6,415. Print.
  2. ^ Employment and Occupations in the Skilled Trades in Michigan Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Michigan Department of Technology, Management, and Budget, Bureau of Labor Market Information and Strategic Initiatives (June 2013).
  3. ^ Pulsifer, William H. Notes For a History of Lead, New York University Press, 1888 pp. 132, 158
  4. ^ "plumber (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  5. ^ Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892
  6. ^ Historical production and uses of lead. ila-lead.org
  7. ^ EW Wedlake; J Britton (1836). "Westminster Palace". The history of the ancient palace and late Houses of Parliament at Westminster. J B Nichols and son. p. 122. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  8. ^ "Red Seal Program".
  9. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  11. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  12. ^ "How to Become a Plumber".
  13. ^ "How to Become a Plumber in the USA". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Injuries and Accident Causes in Plumbing Operations" United States Department of Labor. 1949
  15. ^ "9 Hazards Plumbers Should be Aware of". 15 January 2018.
  16. ^ "Infectious disease risks associated with occupational exposure: a systematic review of the literature"
  17. ^ "II. The Plumbers". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 September 2013. In the early evening of June 17, 1971, Henry Kissinger held forth in the Oval Office, telling his President, and John Ehrlichman and Bob Haldeman, all about Daniel Ellsberg. Kissinger's comments were recorded, of course, on the hidden White House taping system, and four years later, a portion of that tape was listened to by the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, which was then investigating the internal White House police unit known as the Plumbers.

 

 

A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping and stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building, with an evident preference for right-angle pipe bends and orthogonal pipe routes

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.[1] Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications.[2] The word derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes.[3]

In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation.[4][5]

Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers although they work with piping as part of their trade and their work can include some plumbing.

History

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Roman lead pipe with a folded seam, at the Roman Baths in Bath, England

Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations, as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal for larger numbers of people.[6]

The Mesopotamians introduced the world to clay sewer pipes around 4000 BCE, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna,[7] used to remove wastewater from sites, and capture rainwater, in wells. The city of Uruk contains the oldest known examples of brick constructed Latrines, constructed atop interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes, c. 3200 BCE.[8][9] Clay pipes were later used in the Hittite city of Hattusa.[10] They had easily detachable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.

Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley civilization by 2700 BC.[11]

Copper piping appeared in Egypt by 2400 BCE, with the Pyramid of Sahure and adjoining temple complex at Abusir, found to be connected by a copper waste pipe.[12]

The word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[13] The Latin for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[14] and some were also covered with lead. Lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[15]

Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts, tile wastewater removal, and widespread use of lead pipes. The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft. With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control epidemics of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.

In post-classical Kilwa the wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes.[16][17]

Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing using soldered fittings.

The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[18]

Systems

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Copper piping system in a building

The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:[19]

Water pipes

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A system of copper water tubes used in a radiator heating system

A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal,[a] that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.

History

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Old water pipe, remnant of the Machine de Marly near Versailles, France

Lead was the favoured material for water pipes for many centuries because its malleability made it practical to work into the desired shape. Such use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from plumbum, the Latin word for lead. This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century and remain in many households. Lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder instead in order to eliminate lead hazards.[20]

Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water,[21] an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink (for example as a preservative in wine).[22] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.

Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through.[23] The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia,[24] Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the US during the 20th century. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants.

Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes (except for terminal fittings) in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[25]

Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.[26]

Difference between pipes and tubes

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Typical PVC municipal water main being installed in Ontario, Canada
A plastic water pipe being installed. The inner tube is actually transporting the water, while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing.

The difference between pipes and tubes is a matter of sizing. For instance, PVC pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe are measured in iron pipe size (IPS). Copper tube, CPVC, PeX and other tubing is measured nominally, basically an average diameter. These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, 1/2" PeX tubing is the same size as 1/2" copper tubing. 1/2" PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1/2" tubing, and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them. When used in agricultural irrigation, the singular form "pipe" is often used as a plural.[27]

Pipe is available in rigid joints, which come in various lengths depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard tempered joints or soft tempered (annealed) rolls. PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid joints or flexible rolls. The temper of the copper, whether it is a rigid joint or flexible roll, does not affect the sizing.[27]

The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances. Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness. Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter).

Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size.[28] 1/2" L copper has the same outer diameter as 1/2" K or M copper. The same applies to pipe schedules. As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased. In other words, 1 foot of 1/2" L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1/2 M copper.[29]

Materials

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Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s. Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")[30] out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.[30]

The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding. These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article.

Steel

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Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from 38 inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas.

Most typical single family home systems will not require supply piping larger than

34 inch (19 mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.

Copper

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Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel.

Plastic

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Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink

Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

  • PVC/CPVC – rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it has become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.[31]
  • PP – The material is used primarily in housewares, food packaging, and clinical equipment,[32] but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are heat fused, being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in green building projects.[33]
  • PBT – flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system.[citation needed] However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.
  • PEX – cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.
  • Polytanks – plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or green.
  • Aqua – known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, many of these fittings were recalled.[further explanation needed]

Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,[34] brass, plastic (particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes[35]), or other nontoxic material. Due to its toxicity, most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States,[36] although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s,[37] and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.[36] Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast iron, or lead.[38][39]

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Components

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In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. are used in plumbing systems.[40] Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping.

Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices that use water and can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets[41] (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

Sealants

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Threaded pipe joints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope. Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber's putty.[42]

Equipment and tools

[edit]
A plumber tightening the fitting on a gas supply line

Plumbing equipment includes devices often behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, back flow preventers, water filters, UV sterilization lights, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.

There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools, other more complex jobs require specialised tools, designed specifically to make the job easier.

Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or other problems; they also use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement.

Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage.[citation needed]

Problems

[edit]

Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility".[43] Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera. However, "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently: Legionella pneumophila, discovered in 1976, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with.[44] Some of the locations where these opportunistic pathogens can grow include faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm, which protects them from disinfection.[44]

Regulation

[edit]
A pipe wrench for holding and turning pipe

Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.[citation needed]

Australia

[edit]

In Australia, the national governing body for plumbing regulation is the Australian Building Codes Board. They are responsible for the creation of the National Construction Code (NCC), Volume 3 of which, the Plumbing Regulations 2008[45] and the Plumbing Code of Australia,[46] pertains to plumbing.

Each Government at the state level has their own Authority and regulations in place for licensing plumbers. They are also responsible for the interpretation, administration and enforcement of the regulations outlined in the NCC.[47] These Authorities are usually established for the sole purpose of regulating plumbing activities in their respective states/territories. However, several state level regulation acts are quite outdated, with some still operating on local policies introduced more than a decade ago. This has led to an increase in plumbing regulatory issues not covered under current policy, and as such, many policies are currently being updated to cover these more modern issues. The updates include changed to the minimum experience and training requirements for licensing, additional work standards for new and more specific kinds of plumbing, as well as adopting the Plumbing Code of Australia into state regulations in an effort to standardise plumbing regulations across the country.

Norway

[edit]

In Norway, new domestic plumbing installed since 1997 has had to satisfy the requirement that it should be easily accessible for replacement after installation.[48] This has led to the development of the pipe-in-pipe system as a de facto requirement for domestic plumbing.

United Kingdom

[edit]

In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned;[49] there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Plumbing Council (WPC).[50][51] WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.[52]

United States

[edit]

In the United States, plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes lead-free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.[53]

Some widely used Standards in the United States are:[citation needed]

  • ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains
  • ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains
  • ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings
  • ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures
  • ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures

Canada

[edit]

In Canada, plumbing is a regulated trade requiring specific technical training and certification. Standards and regulations for plumbing are overseen at the provincial and territorial level, each having its distinct governing body:

  • Governing Bodies: Each province or territory possesses its regulatory authority overseeing the licensing and regulation of plumbers. For instance, in Ontario, the Ontario College of Trades handles the certification and regulation of tradespeople, whereas in British Columbia, the Industry Training Authority (ITA) undertakes this function.
  • Certification: To achieve certified plumber status in Canada, individuals typically complete an apprenticeship program encompassing both classroom instruction and hands-on experience. Upon completion, candidates undergo an examination for their certification.
  • Building Codes: Plumbing installations and repairs must adhere to building codes specified by individual provinces or territories. The National Building Code of Canada acts as a model code, with provinces and territories having the discretion to adopt or modify to their specific needs.
  • Safety and Health: Given its direct correlation with health and sanitation, plumbing work is of paramount importance in Canada. Regulations ensure uncontaminated drinking water and proper wastewater treatment, underscoring the vital role of certified plumbers for public health.
  • Environmental Considerations: Reflecting Canada's commitment to environmental conservation, there is an increasing emphasis on sustainable plumbing practices. Regulations advocate water conservation and the deployment of eco-friendly materials.
  • Standards: The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) determines standards for diverse plumbing products, ensuring their safety, quality, and efficiency. Items such as faucets and toilets frequently come with a CSA certification, indicating adherence to required standards.[54]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Muscroft, Steve (March 14, 2016). Plumbing. Elsevier. p. 3. ISBN 9781136373152.
  2. ^ Blankenbaker, Keith (1992). Modern Plumbing. Goodheart Willcox.
  3. ^ "What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 12, 1942. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  4. ^ "Health Aspects of Plumbing". cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization, Modern Marvels video series, The History Channel, AAE-42223, A&E Television, 1996
  6. ^ "Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying". Herald-Journal. March 19, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  7. ^ Burke, Joseph (April 24, 2017). FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781365912870. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  8. ^ Mitchell, Piers D. (March 3, 2016). Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-317-05953-0.
  9. ^ Wald, Chelsea (May 26, 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.
  10. ^ Burney, Charles (April 19, 2004). Historical Dictionary of the Hittites. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6564-8.
  11. ^ Teresi et al. 2002
  12. ^ Bunson, Margaret (May 14, 2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8.
  13. ^ Pulsifer, William H. Notes For a History of Lead, New York University Press, 1888. pp. 132, 158
  14. ^ Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892
  15. ^ Historical production and uses of lead. ila-lead.org
  16. ^ The Travels of Ibn Battuta
  17. ^ Cartwright, Mark (March 29, 2019). "Kilwa". World History Encyclopedia.
  18. ^ "Public Notice .Lead Contamination Informative City Ok Moscow Water System". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. August 12, 1988. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  19. ^ "Basic Plumbing System". January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  20. ^ "Lead in Drinking Water". Epa.gov. February 20, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  21. ^ Hansen, Roger. "WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME". Waterhistory.org. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  22. ^ Grout, James. "Lead Poisoning and Rome". Encyclopaedia Romana. 2017.
  23. ^ "Wooden water pipe". BBC. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  24. ^ Rosenwald, Mike (February 11, 2019). "Philadelphia's plumbing revolution: wood pipes - Retropod". Washington Post.
  25. ^ "Types of Pipe Material". Virginia's Community Colleges. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  26. ^ Worldwide Market for Industrial and Domestic Water Equipment as of 2010. PwC. March 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Difference between Pipes and Tubes". Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  28. ^ "Wall thickness does not affect pipe o" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  29. ^ "CTS - Copper Tube Sizes - Dimensions used in Plumbing". The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  30. ^ a b https://www.cscplates.com/blog/what-is-cast-iron-soil-pipe/ What is cast iron soil pipe
  31. ^ "What's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe?". August 15, 2017.
  32. ^ Bidisha Mukherjee. "Polypropylene Properties and Uses". Buzzle. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  33. ^ "Walking The Talk". pmengineer.com.
  34. ^ Copper Tube Handbook, the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006
  35. ^ California’s PEX Battle Continues. Builderonline.com
  36. ^ a b Macek, MD; Matte, TD; Sinks, T; Malvitz, DM (January 2006). "Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, 1988–1994". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (1): 130–4. Bibcode:2006EnvHP.114..130M. doi:10.1289/ehp.8319. PMC 1332668. PMID 16393670.
  37. ^ Rabin, Richard (March 6, 2017). "The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A MODEST CAMPAIGN"". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (9): 1584–1592. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2509614. PMID 18633098.
  38. ^ Uniform Plumbing Code, IAPMO
  39. ^ International Plumbing Code, ICC
  40. ^ "Miscellaneous Valves". Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  41. ^ "Basic Plumbing Principles". The Evening Independent. November 10, 1926. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  42. ^ "Key To Pop-up Drain Is Fresh Plumber's Putty". Daily News. January 12, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  43. ^ Carol Potera (August 2015). "Plumbing Pathogens: A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes". Environmental Health Perspectives. 123 (8): A217. doi:10.1289/ehp.123-A217. PMC 4528999. PMID 26230512.
  44. ^ a b Joseph O. Falkinham III; Elizabeth D. Hilborn; Matthew J. Arduino; Amy Pruden; Marc A. Edwards (August 2015). "Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Environmental Health Perspectives. 123 (8): 749–758. Bibcode:2015EnvHP.123..749F. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408692. PMC 4529011. PMID 25793551.
  45. ^ "PLUMBING REGULATIONS 2008 - REG 11 Plumbing work that may be carried out by unlicensed or unregistered persons". classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  46. ^ "The Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) - Australian Government". ablis.gov.au. November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  47. ^ "Regulatory Framework | Australian Building Codes Board". www.abcb.gov.au. ABCB. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  48. ^ "Nytt om føringsveier for tappevann - Byggebransjens våtromsnorm". www.byggforsk.no. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  49. ^ "The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE)". Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  50. ^ "World Plumbing Council". Retrieved October 11, 2009.
  51. ^ "WHO Health aspects of plumbing". Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
  52. ^ "World Plumbing Council". Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
  53. ^ "Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes, Solder, and Flux". August 3, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  54. ^ Brown, Norah. "Plumbing Company in Canada". Capital Plumbing & Heating. Norah Brown. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Materials used to make water pipes are polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, ductile iron, cast iron, steel, copper and formerly lead.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry:

[[Category:Bathrooms]

 

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We handle all types, from hair and grease to tree roots and mineral buildup.
We utilize a variety of methods including snaking, hydro jetting, and camera inspection to choose the most effective and least invasive solution.
Our pricing is generally based on the complexity and location of the clog. We offer upfront pricing before any work begins.
Yes, all our plumbers are fully licensed, insured, and background-checked for your peace of mind.
Yes, we offer 24/7 emergency service for those unexpected drain emergencies.