Richmond Moving Company

Richmond Moving Company

Weekend moving availability

They're not just skilled in the art of moving; they understand the nuances of the local area, making sure your belongings are safely and efficiently transported, regardless of the complexity or distance of the move. It's exactly what they're aiming to deliver.

Richmond Moving Company - Licensed movers

  1. Senior relocation services
  2. Moving insurance options
  3. Furniture assembly and disassembly
  4. Family-owned moving companies
  5. Experienced movers
  6. White glove movers
  7. Local relocation
  8. Commercial moving services
  9. Boxes and packing materials
  10. Fragile item packing
  11. Moving truck rental
  12. Residential relocation
  13. Moving cost calculator
  14. Stress-free moving
  15. Moving quotes
  16. Reliable moving services
  17. Moving and storage
  18. Customized moving plans
  19. Personalized moving solutions
BBX Moving gets that.

Richmond Moving Company - Climate-controlled storage

  1. Weekend moving availability
  2. Apartment moving services
  3. Licensed movers
  4. Residential movers
  5. Climate-controlled storage
  6. Affordable movers
  7. Packing and crating services
  8. Furniture movers
  9. Short-term storage
  10. Furniture delivery
  11. Eco-packaging for moving
  12. Local movers with truck
  13. Door-to-door moving
  14. State-to-state movers
  15. Packing supplies
Learn more about Richmond Moving Company here Getting started with BBX means you're not just hiring a moving company; you're partnering with a team dedicated to making your move a success.

Richmond Moving Company - Eco-packaging for moving

  • Apartment movers
  • Movers for hire
  • Cross-country moving
  • Pet-friendly moving services
  • Packing and unpacking services
  • Senior moving services
  • Efficient moving crews
  • Quick move-in assistance
  • Licensed and bonded movers
  • Moving company reviews
  • Office movers
  • Eco-friendly moving services
  • Labor-only moving
  • Moving help by the hour
  • Moving discounts
  • Local moving companies
  • Trustworthy movers
  • Junk removal
BBX understands the unique needs of Richmond residents, tailoring their services to ensure every move is a success, whether it's a small apartment or a large family home.
We're not just familiar with the geography; we understand the community's pulse. Learn more about BBX Moving here. Our team of professionals is trained to handle your belongings with the utmost care, ensuring that everything arrives at your new destination in the same condition as it left. Did you know that over 40% of people cite moving as one of the most stressful events in their lives? From reusable packing materials to fuel-efficient fleets, they're committed to protecting the planet while ensuring your belongings reach their destination safely.
BBX Moving's affordable pricing model ensures you get top-quality service without breaking the bank. Once you've set a date, you'll receive a confirmation with all the details of your move. You'll appreciate the convenience of having professionals handle the packing for you. These stories aren't just about moving; they're about starting new chapters with confidence, thanks to BBX's exceptional service.

Richmond Moving Company - Residential movers

  1. Insured moving companies
  2. Full-service moving
  3. Free moving estimates
  4. Storage solutions
  5. Heavy item movers
  6. Clean moving trucks
  7. Moving blankets
  8. Local moving specialists
  9. Moving checklist
  10. Weekend movers
  11. Experienced relocation pros
  12. Corporate relocation services
  13. Cheap moving companies
  14. Moving and packing pros
  15. Piano movers

Whether it's antiques, fine art, or sensitive electronic equipment, BBX Moving has the expertise and equipment to handle them with the utmost care. You'll benefit from even more personalized services, tailored to meet your unique needs and preferences. After mastering expert packing strategies, it's time to focus on ensuring moving day unfolds as smoothly and efficiently as possible. You'll enjoy greater transparency and control, reducing the stress typically associated with moving.

You won't have to lift a finger; we'll do all the heavy lifting for you. They've listened to your feedback, understood the market's pulse, and are now rolling out services that cater directly to your needs. These boxes are designed to protect your belongings better than cardboard, and once you've unpacked, BBX Moving picks them up, ensuring a hassle-free process from start to finish. And once we arrive at your new home, we're just as careful unloading and placing your items as we were when we packed them.

Let's take the hassle out of moving, so you can focus on settling into your new home. They don't just see boxes; they see the memories and emotions tied to each item.

Richmond Moving Company - State-to-state movers

  • Full-service moving
  • Free moving estimates
  • Storage solutions
  • Heavy item movers
  • Clean moving trucks
  • Moving blankets
  • Local moving specialists
  • Moving checklist
  • Weekend movers
  • Experienced relocation pros
  • Corporate relocation services
  • Cheap moving companies
  • Moving and packing pros
  • Piano movers
  • Senior relocation services
  • Moving insurance options
  • Furniture assembly and disassembly
  • Family-owned moving companies
Making the switch from traditional moving methods to BBX Moving's green approach means you're contributing to reducing waste and minimizing the environmental impact of your move.

Their unmatched reliability stems from a deep commitment to customer satisfaction. You'll benefit from their customized crating solutions, designed to protect your items during the move. They don't just stop at having the right tools.

This change isn't just about reducing waste; it's about fostering a community-wide commitment to sustainability. We don't believe in cutting corners or compromising on service quality to offer low prices. You'll start by discussing the scope of your move, including the size of your current place, the distance to your new home, and any special items requiring extra care.

Richmond Fragile Item Movers

Entity Name Description Source
Richmond, British Columbia A coastal city in British Columbia, Canada, known for its vibrant community, proximity to Vancouver, and multicultural heritage. Source
Moving company A business that assists individuals or organizations in transporting goods from one location to another, often providing additional services like packing, storage, and logistics. Source
Customer satisfaction A measurement that determines how products or services provided by a company meet or surpass customer expectations, often used as a key performance indicator for businesses. Source
Seafair A residential area in Richmond, British Columbia, known for its scenic beauty, family-friendly environment, and proximity to the Fraser River. Source
Logistics The detailed organization and implementation of complex operations, often involving the transportation, warehousing, and distribution of goods in supply chain management. Source

Richmond Apartment Movers

The indigenous Coast Salish peoples were the first people to inhabit the area of modern-day Richmond, with the Musqueam Band naming the site near Terra Nova "spələkʷəqs" or "boiling point". Today, East Asian Canadians make up a majority of Richmond's population, along with the Continental Asian Canadian population numbering almost three-fourths of the city's population. As a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, Richmond is composed of eight local neighbourhoods: Sea Island, City Centre, Thompson, West Richmond, Steveston, South Arm, East Richmond and Hamilton. As of 2023, the city has an estimated population of 229,781 people.

Richmond Residential Relocation

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Universal Islands of Adventure

Florida Center
Tourist attraction, Theme park
Universal Islands of Adventure, 6000 Universal Blvd, Orlando, FL 32819, United States
Extreme thrill rides & the Wizarding World of Harry Potter attract crowds to this Universal park.

Disney Springs

Tourist attraction, Shopping mall
Disney Springs, 1486 Buena Vista Dr, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, United States
Complex with restaurants, bars, live shows & shops, including the world's largest Disney store.

SeaWorld Orlando

Tourist attraction, Amusement park, Theme park
SeaWorld Orlando, 7007 Sea World Dr, Orlando, FL 32821, United States
Marine life shows, thrill rides, aquariums & up-close encounters with dolphins, penguins & more.

Notre-Dame Basilica of Montreal

Ville-Marie
Tourist attraction, Church, Historical landmark, Religious destination, Basilica
Notre-Dame Basilica of Montreal, 110 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 1T1
Dating from 1824, this massive church features vibrant stained glass & hosts concert performances.


Citations and other links

Affordable Richmond movers

They're trained to handle your belongings with care, but also to handle your worries with empathy. You don't need to bring everything. As we explore the tangible impact of BBX Moving on Richmond's sustainability efforts, let's hear directly from the customers who've experienced these benefits first-hand. It's about making the space work for you and your team, and that's where their post-move support really shines.

Richmond Moving Company - Short-term storage

  1. Experienced movers
  2. White glove movers
  3. Local relocation
  4. Commercial moving services
  5. Boxes and packing materials
  6. Fragile item packing
  7. Moving truck rental
  8. Residential relocation
  9. Moving cost calculator
  10. Stress-free moving
  11. Moving quotes
  12. Reliable moving services
  13. Packing and crating services
  14. Furniture movers
  15. Short-term storage
  16. Furniture delivery
  17. Eco-packaging for moving
  18. Local movers with truck
  19. Door-to-door moving
  20. State-to-state movers


Our materials are top-notch, from sturdy boxes to soft wraps, ensuring everything arrives in the same condition it left. Now, you can focus on settling into your new home, knowing that BBX Moving has got the logistics covered.

Richmond Moving Company - Apartment moving services

  • Door-to-door moving
  • State-to-state movers
  • Packing supplies
  • Moving day tips
  • Moving and storage
  • Customized moving plans
  • Personalized moving solutions
  • Home moving company
  • Garage cleanout services
  • Out-of-state movers
  • Household item movers
  • Same-day movers
  • Household movers
  • Affordable relocation
  • Top-rated movers
  • Movers near me
  • Student movers
  • Professional packers
We understand that life doesn't always follow a strict timeline, which is why we work around your schedule to ensure the moving process is as convenient as possible.

The rental boxes are designed to withstand multiple moves, offering you a budget-friendly option without compromising on quality or reliability. If you prefer to pack yourself, we can supply all the necessary materials. They understand the complexities and time constraints associated with office relocations.

With BBX Moving, you'll find the perfect storage solution to meet your needs, giving you one less thing to worry about during your move. BBX Moving ensures your belongings are protected with top-notch security features, including 24/7 surveillance, gated access, and personalized entry codes. You're entrusting us with more than just items; you're handing over memories and investments.

Affordable Richmond movers
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Our team is skilled in handling a wide range of furniture types, from intricate office setups to delicate home furnishings. Residential movers We offer eco-friendly packing solutions that minimize waste without compromising on the safety of your belongings. You've seen the reviews. They understand how personal moving can be, so they offer packing and unpacking services, ensuring your valuables are handled with care and precision. You can either source these yourself or, for an even easier move, let BBX Moving supply them for you.

Take Sarah's story, for example. BBX Moving's transparency in pricing also sets them apart. Moreover, BBX Moving is committed to your satisfaction long after the initial move. You're not just hiring a moving company; you're partnering with a team that prioritizes your peace of mind above all.

Whether it's meticulously planning the layout of your new space or safeguarding your most precious items, they handle everything with care. Moreover, BBX Moving offers flexible scheduling options to fit your busy life. With their personalized relocation plans, you can rest easy knowing your move is in expert hands. You'll find options ranging from small, personal lockers for your treasured items to large, climate-controlled units for your furniture or business inventory.

Whether it's relocating within Richmond or to a new city, they've got you covered. It's not just about reducing the load; it's about starting fresh in your new space. BBX Moving has garnered widespread acclaim, earning 5-star reviews that highlight their exceptional service. First off, don't underestimate the power of decluttering before you start packing.

Eco-friendly movers Richmond

While BBX Moving's technological prowess streamlines your move, it's their proven reliability that truly sets them apart in the Richmond moving scene. Moving and storage At the heart of BBX Moving's success lies a dedicated team that's committed to delivering unparalleled service. They also offer flexible scheduling to minimize disruptions to your daily life or business operations. They don't just stop at providing space. Firstly, you'll hop online to BBX Moving's website, where you can easily select the size and quantity of boxes you need for your move.
This ongoing support is invaluable as it allows you to focus on getting back to business as usual, with minimal disruption.

Richmond Moving Company - Packing supplies

  1. Moving day tips
  2. Moving and storage
  3. Customized moving plans
  4. Personalized moving solutions
  5. Home moving company
  6. Garage cleanout services
  7. Out-of-state movers
  8. Household item movers
  9. Same-day movers
  10. Household movers
  11. Affordable relocation
  12. Top-rated movers
  13. Movers near me
  14. Student movers
  15. Professional packers
  16. In-town moving
  17. Partial packing services
  18. Same-day move-in help
  19. Relocation management
  20. Load and unload help
Moreover, our team prides itself on punctuality and reliability. Moreover, the convenience and cost-effectiveness of these rentals make them an attractive option for you, whether you're moving a small apartment or a large office. You'll find their team ready to handle everything from packing your belongings with care to safely transporting them to your new residence.
You won't be left guessing what comes next; they keep you informed every step of the way. If you've got questions or need to adjust your plans, our customer service team is just a call or email away, ready to assist. Putting your needs at the forefront, BBX Moving adopts a customer-first approach that truly sets them apart. Read more about Richmond Moving Company here Our team's expertise extends beyond the map.
You tell us what you need, and we'll make it happen. So, you can focus on the excitement of your new beginning, knowing that the logistical details are in capable hands. After understanding how we protect your belongings, it's crucial to know how easy we make scheduling your move with BBX Moving. There won't be any surprises or hidden fees.

Eco-friendly movers Richmond
Licensed Local Moving Company Richmond
Licensed Local Moving Company Richmond

If you're curious about how these innovations could change the way you view long-distance relocation or if you're in the midst of planning a move yourself, you'll want to keep an eye on how BBX Moving is setting a new standard in the industry. This list will be invaluable for keeping track of your items and making insurance claims if anything goes missing or gets damaged. You'll have peace of mind knowing your belongings are safely stored in a monitored environment, reducing the risk of theft or damage. Their expert team can pack, transport, and store your belongings, ensuring a seamless move from start to finish. Now's also the time to start gathering your packing supplies.

That's why we've streamlined our process to ensure your move isn't only timely but also meticulously organized to minimize disruptions to your routine. Moreover, BBX Moving coordinates the entire logistics process, ensuring a smooth transition from your old place to your new one, regardless of the distance or complexity involved.

Richmond Moving Company - Door-to-door moving

  • Professional packers
  • In-town moving
  • Partial packing services
  • Same-day move-in help
  • Relocation management
  • Load and unload help
  • Moving logistics
  • Small move specialists
  • Office relocation services
  • Long-distance moving
  • Packing tips for moving
  • Moving labor
  • In-home estimates
  • Relocation services
  • Interstate moving
  • Heavy lifting services
  • Local van lines
  • Moving company specials
  • Local relocation experts
  • Apartment movers
This initiative significantly cuts down on waste, contributing to a cleaner, more environmentally friendly Richmond. Eco-packaging for moving This box should be the last one loaded and the first one unloaded.

You're not just getting a team to move your belongings; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your transition as smooth as possible. These reusable boxes aren't only sturdy and secure for your belongings but also significantly reduce waste compared to disposable cardboard boxes.

Richmond Moving Company - Apartment moving services

  • Moving logistics
  • Small move specialists
  • Office relocation services
  • Long-distance moving
  • Packing tips for moving
  • Moving labor
  • In-home estimates
  • Relocation services
  • Interstate moving
  • Heavy lifting services
  • Local van lines
  • Moving company specials
  • Local relocation experts
  • Apartment movers
  • Movers for hire
  • Cross-country moving
  • Pet-friendly moving services
  • Packing and unpacking services
  • Senior moving services
They've built a reputation on showing up when they say they will, handling your possessions with the utmost care, and ensuring everything arrives at your new home exactly as it left your old one. Door-to-door moving Whether you're relocating your home within Richmond or planning a complex cross-country move, they've got you covered.

Our aim is to make your move as stress-free as possible. Their attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction have set them apart in the Richmond area. It's a simple switch, but it has a profound impact on the environment. From the moment you start planning your move, you're introduced to an innovative suite of tools designed to minimize hassle and maximize efficiency.

Richmond Moving Company - Eco-packaging for moving

  1. Movers for hire
  2. Cross-country moving
  3. Pet-friendly moving services
  4. Packing and unpacking services
  5. Senior moving services
  6. Efficient moving crews
  7. Quick move-in assistance
  8. Licensed and bonded movers
  9. Moving company reviews
  10. Office movers
  11. Eco-friendly moving services
  12. Labor-only moving
  13. Moving help by the hour
  14. Moving discounts
  15. Local moving companies
  16. Trustworthy movers
  17. Junk removal
  18. Professional movers
  19. Last-minute moving services


Affordable movers Richmond BC

Therefore, BBX Moving has streamlined their process, promising quicker move times without sacrificing the safety and security of your assets. At the heart of BBX Moving's success lies a secret sauce you won't find anywhere else. If you're not completely satisfied with our services, we'll work tirelessly to make it right. Building on their expansion, BBX Moving now offers enhanced residential services to make your home move smoother than ever. They're on it.
But what truly sets BBX Moving apart isn't just their range of services; it's the meticulous care and attention to detail they bring to every job. Packing supplies Choosing BBX Moving means you're opting for a seamless transition to your new commercial space, with minimal impact on your business's productivity and bottom line.

Richmond Moving Company - Eco-packaging for moving

  1. Packing supplies
  2. Moving day tips
  3. Moving and storage
  4. Customized moving plans
  5. Personalized moving solutions
  6. Home moving company
  7. Garage cleanout services
  8. Out-of-state movers
  9. Household item movers
  10. Same-day movers
  11. Household movers
  12. Affordable relocation
  13. Top-rated movers
  14. Movers near me
  15. Student movers
Whether you're moving delicate antiques or bulky furniture, we've got the right equipment to handle your items with care. BBX Moving also offers a range of services to customize your experience, from packing and unpacking to storage solutions.
They offer tips and advice on packing (if you're doing it yourself) and can also supply packing materials if needed. We know that moving can be stressful, which is why we aim to make the process as seamless and worry-free as possible. Their commitment to accommodating your schedule extends beyond just moving day. BBX Moving has significantly transformed the relocation landscape in Richmond, offering residents a more sustainable and efficient option for their moving needs.
This commitment to excellence and improvement is why they're celebrated for their 5-star service. Lastly, begin decluttering your home. BBX Moving leverages cutting-edge technology to streamline your moving process, ensuring a seamless and efficient relocation experience. Their training goes beyond the basics, encompassing the latest techniques in safe handling and efficient packing strategies, ensuring that your move is executed flawlessly.

Explore Richmond Moving Company here
Affordable movers Richmond BC

Mover or movers may refer to:

Persons with the surname

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), wood and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis XVI), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with glass top (Contemporary)

Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is a return to natural shapes and textures.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture,[2] the noun form of fournir, which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages as well as German use variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, meaning "moveable goods".[6]

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks as rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the existence of constructed furniture is a Venus figurine found at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone balls also found at the site.

Antiquity

[edit]

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th–8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]

Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Evidence of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

During the Dynastic Period, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily constructed using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood found in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, so it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join two shorter pieces together and form a longer beam was one example of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive wood on the surface.[18]

The earliest used seating furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family down to ordinary citizens.[19] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a simple three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for comfort during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were decorated with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to only wealthy and high ranking people, and seen as a status symbol; they did not reach ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a straight back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] as well as beds and storage chests.[24][25]

Ancient Greece

[edit]
Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with cheap solid wood, then apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture construction also made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a piece together.[26] Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

The modern word "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρÏŒνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/hierarchy or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, constructed by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in most Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used as a bed, but also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were low and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would have used a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and construction. Rome gradually superseded Greece as the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the two is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

Roman furniture was constructed principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very little wooden furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and also practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

 

Middle Ages

[edit]
Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the Middle Ages.[41] For example, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly decorated and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous decorated, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the form of beds imitated the Roman ones, but have different designs of legs.[44]

The main ornament of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but later as structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and escutcheon of chests have also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

Renaissance

[edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

17th and 18th centuries

[edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the fashion was set in England by the French art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave way around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "first comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something so distinct in the development of taste in French furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

19th century

[edit]
The Chevy Chase Sideboard by Gerrard Robinson. Often considered to be one of the finest furniture pieces of the 19th century and an icon of Victorian furniture.

The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this time in North America as well.

Early North American

[edit]

This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cherry or walnut.[citation needed]

Mid-Century Modern

[edit]
Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) 1956

The first three-quarters of the 20th century is seen as the march towards Modernism. The furniture designers of Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession all worked to some degree within the Modernist motto.

Born from the Bauhaus and Streamline Moderne came the post-World War II style "Mid-Century Modern". Mid-Century Modern materials developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladimir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.

Contemporary

[edit]

Industrialisation, Post-Modernism, and the Internet have allowed furniture design to become more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before. There are many modern styles of furniture design, each with roots in Classical, Modernist, and Post-Modern design and art movements. The growth of Maker Culture across the Western sphere of influence has encouraged higher participation and development of new, more accessible furniture design techniques. One unique outgrowth of this post-modern furniture design trajectory is Live Edge, which incorporates the natural surface of a tree as part of a furniture object, heralding a resurgence of these natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Additionally, the use of Epoxy Resin has become more prevalent in DIY furniture styles.

Ecodesign

[edit]
Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign

Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[69]

Postmodernism

[edit]

Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.[citation needed]

Asian history

[edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern

[edit]
Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired by paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter furniture (stools and small chairs).[70]

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery powder, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cherry and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are also common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[71]

Types

[edit]

For sitting

[edit]

Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most important.[2] In addition to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, as well as the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest form of seat is the chair,[72] which is a piece of furniture designed to allow a single person to sit down, which has a back and legs, as well as a platform for sitting.[73] Chairs often feature cushions made from various fabrics.[74]

Types of wood used

[edit]
Making of log furniture: cutting a bar stool from a piece of log

All different types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Hardwood and softwood are the two main categories for wood. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses. Deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that change color periodically throughout the year, are the source of hardwood. Coniferous trees, also known as cone-bearing trees, have small leaves or needles that stay on the tree throughout the year.[75][76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air dried to rid it of its moisture.[77]

Cherry

[edit]

A popular furniture hardwood is American black cherry. Cherry is a light reddish brown to brown color that intensifies into a rich color as it ages, and grows mostly in the eastern United States. Cherry has a tighter grain than birch and is softer. Much cherry lumber is narrow, and it has been utilized to make many lovely classic furniture pieces.[75]

Birch

[edit]

Birch is a sturdy, durable, even-textured hardwood that is common in the United States and Canada. The wood appears white or creamy yellow to light brown with a crimson tinge in its natural state. Birch is frequently stained to complement other types of wood in furniture. Birch is used to make a lot of transparent, cabinet-grade plywood because it absorbs stain well and finishes beautifully. Birch is frequently used to construct interior doors and cupboards in addition to furniture.[75]

Restoration of furniture

[edit]

Restoring a piece of furniture may imply attempting to repair and revive the original finish in some way. More often than not, this entails removing the existing treatment and preparing the raw wood for a new finish. Methods for repair depend on what kind of wood it is: solid or veneered, hardwood or softwood, open grained or closed grained. These variables can sometimes decide if a piece of furniture is worth repairing, as well as the type of repairs and finish it will require if it is restored. The 3 methods of restoring furniture are rejuvenate, repair, and refinish.

Rejuvenate The piece can easily be restored by just cleaning and waxing the surface while preserving the current finish. It works on wooden furniture that is still in good shape and is the simplest way to clean it.

Repair This process can fix dents and cracks by touching up some worn-out areas without removing the surface with this technique, the finish can be maintained while repairing the object with specialized products.

Refinish Remove anything that is left for example any paint with a finish-stripper product or lightly sanding the area down and then applying wood finish like oil wax in order to protect the secure the wood.[75]

Cleaning Remove dirt, dust, and grime from the furniture using a mild soap or specialized furniture cleaner.

Standards for design, functionality and safety

[edit]
Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).
  • EN 527 Office furnitureWork tables and desks: This European standard specifies requirements and test methods for office work tables and desks, ensuring their functionality and safety.
  • EN 1335 Office furnitureOffice work chair: This European standard sets requirements for office chairs, focusing on ergonomics and comfort to promote user well-being and productivity.
  • ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating: This American National Standard, published by the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA), provides requirements for the performance and durability of office seating.
  • DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair: This German standard covers revolving office chairs with adjustable backrests, armrests, and height, ensuring their quality and safety.
  • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use: This European standard specifies the requirements for outdoor seating and tables used in various settings, including camping and domestic use.
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability: This European standard outlines test methods to assess the strength and durability of seating furniture, last updated in 2014.
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard provides test methods to evaluate the stability, strength, and durability of various types of furniture.
  • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture: This British Standard focuses on determining the stability of non-domestic storage furniture, helping ensure its safety and reliability.
  • EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard sets test methods to assess the stability, strength, and durability of bunk beds and high beds.
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods: This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for laboratory workbenches to ensure safe working conditions.
  • EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs, and tables for educational institutions: This European standard outlines requirements for educational furniture, including chairs and tables, to support comfort and ergonomics in educational settings.
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Germany: RAL is a German standardization organization, and RAL-GZ 430 provides guidelines and standards for various types of furniture in Germany.
  • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands: NEN is the Dutch Institute for Standardization, and NEN 1812 sets standards for furniture in the Netherlands.
  • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture: This Chinese standard specifies technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14.
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating: This British Standard outlines test methods to assess the ignitability of upholstered seating, both by smoldering and flaming ignition sources.
  • BS 7176: This British Standard specifies requirements for the resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture used in non-domestic settings through composite testing. These standards help ensure the quality, safety, and performance of various types of furniture in different regions and applications. Manufacturers and consumers often use these standards as guidelines to meet specific requirements and ensure product reliability.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. 2.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
  17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 14.
  19. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 15.
  20. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 6.
  21. ^ a b Litchfield 2011, pp. 6–7.
  22. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 17.
  23. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 21.
  24. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 22.
  25. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 24.
  26. ^ a b c d e Blakemore 2006, p. 39.
  27. ^ Richter 1966, p. 125.
  28. ^ Richter 1966, p. 13.
  29. ^ Richter 1966, pp. 14, NH 5.11.2ff.
  30. ^ Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary Art," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1, ed. Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246.
  31. ^ Guhl, E.; Koner, W. (1989). Everyday Life in Greek and Roman Times. New York: Crescent. p. 133.
  32. ^ Wanscher 1980, p. 83.
  33. ^ Simpson, 253.[full citation needed]
  34. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 43.
  35. ^ Andrianou, 36.[full citation needed]
  36. ^ Richter 1966, p. 63.
  37. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 42.
  38. ^ Richter 1966, p. 66.
  39. ^ Chicago Painter. "Stamnos (Mixing Jar)". Art Institute of Chicago.
  40. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 61.
  41. ^ a b c d Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 33.
  42. ^ Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 35.
  43. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 172.
  44. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 174.
  45. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 206, 207, 209, 210 & 211.
  46. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  47. ^ Vazaca, Marina (1999). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României Ghidul ColecÈ›iilor (in Romanian). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României. p. 70. ISBN 2-7118-3840-4.
  48. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  49. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  50. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  51. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  52. ^ unknown (18 September 2013) [before 1923]. A history of feminine fashion. Nabu Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-289-62694-5.
  53. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0618252107.
  54. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 211.
  55. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  56. ^ "Pier Table". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  57. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  58. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 287.
  59. ^ "Slant-Front Desk". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  60. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  61. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  62. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  63. ^ a b Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  64. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  65. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  66. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  67. ^ "Desk". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  68. ^ "Paris et l'Art Nouveau". Nº281 Dossier de l'Art (in French). Éditions Faton. 2020.
  69. ^ "Ecodesign Report – The Results of a survey Amongst Australian Industrial Design Consultancies". Big's Furniture. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  70. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 152, 153, 154 & 156.
  71. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 164, 165 & 166.
  72. ^ "Physique of office chair". Foss Alborg. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  73. ^ "Definition of CHAIR". www.merriam-webster.com. 3 June 2023.
  74. ^ Jefferys, Chris (2006). Soft Furnishings. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-903-1 – via Google Books.
  75. ^ a b c d Hingley, Brian D. (2021). Ultimate guide to furniture repair & refinishing : restore, rebuild, and renew wooden furniture. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58011-843-9. OCLC 1273413610.
  76. ^ "Types of Wood". Hoove Designs. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  77. ^ Abbas, Abe. "Judge Quality in Wood Furniture". About.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

References

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