Moving and Packing Richmond

Moving and Packing Richmond

Best-rated movers Richmond

This approach guarantees that clients are met with knowledgeable, courteous, and efficient service every step of the way. Learn more about BBX Moving here. They're not only adept at maneuvering bulky items through tight spaces but also excel in assembling complex furniture systems, making sure every screw and panel is perfectly in place. Having these items easily accessible will alleviate a lot of stress on moving day. Unlike basic insurance plans that many moving companies offer, BBX Moving's comprehensive policy covers a wide range of potential risks, from damage and loss to theft.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Professional moving services

  1. Moving supplies Richmond
  2. International moving Richmond
  3. Emergency moving services Richmond
  4. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  5. Richmond packing experts
  6. Furniture moving Richmond
  7. Moving specialists Richmond
  8. Moving help Richmond
  9. Professional packers Richmond
  10. Moving cost estimator
  11. Long-distance movers
  12. Corporate relocation services
  13. Small move services Richmond
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Local relocation Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Moving supplies Richmond
  18. International moving Richmond
  19. Emergency moving services Richmond
  20. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
Learn more about Moving and Packing Richmond here
This meticulous attention to detail minimizes the risk of damage during the moving process. With their comprehensive services, expert team, and commitment to customer satisfaction, it's no wonder they're a top choice for moving and storage solutions in Richmond. Whether it's a large household move or a smaller apartment transition, BBX Moving's team devises strategies that optimize costs without compromising on efficiency or safety.
In addition to their geographical coverage, BBX Moving takes pride in their ability to offer a range of services tailored to each specific area. By following these tips and tricks, you're setting yourself up for a successful and organized move. They don't rush through the job.
They're setting their sights on leveraging the latest in technology to streamline the moving process, making it smoother and more efficient for everyone involved. But what truly sets BBX Moving apart is their attention to detail and personalized service. After mastering the art of packing, it's crucial to consider whether your move is local or spans a longer distance, as each type presents unique challenges and requirements.

However, she found BBX Moving's approach refreshingly efficient and stress-free. Understanding the unique needs of each client, BBX Moving offers tailored moving solutions designed to make every relocation smooth and stress-free. They understand that each move is unique and requires a personalized approach. Their facilities are climate-controlled to protect your belongings from extreme temperatures and humidity. The importance of having a team that's not only skilled but also fully accountable for their service can't be overstated.
Their team understands that each piece of art is unique and requires special attention. BBX Moving stands out in Richmond as a premier moving company dedicated to providing stress-free relocation services. You can opt for a full packing service, where they handle everything, or a partial service, targeting only specific items. This engagement hasn't only contributed to the company's positive image but also strengthened its connections within the community it serves.
Lastly, they highlight the value of choosing a moving company with extensive experience in interstate moves, ensuring they're equipped to handle the logistics and regulations involved in crossing state lines. Understanding that each client has unique financial needs, they've designed a variety of plans to ensure services are accessible to all. Additionally, they're enhancing their service offerings to cater to the diverse needs of their broader customer base.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Move-in/move-out cleaning services

  1. Richmond packing experts
  2. Furniture moving Richmond
  3. Moving specialists Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Moving cost estimator
  7. Long-distance movers
  8. Corporate relocation services
  9. Moving supplies Richmond
  10. International moving Richmond
  11. Emergency moving services Richmond
  12. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  13. Richmond packing experts
  14. Furniture moving Richmond
  15. Moving specialists Richmond
  16. Moving help Richmond
  17. Professional packers Richmond
They're well-versed in the art of packing, loading, and unloading items with care, minimizing the risk of injury or damage. Read more about Moving and Packing Richmond here
Beyond just moving your belongings, they offer packing, unpacking, and storage solutions. They've seen firsthand how a well-thought-out packing plan can streamline the entire moving process. Clients don't have to worry about the logistics of moving day; BBX Moving has it all under control.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Small move services Richmond

  1. Richmond packing experts
  2. Furniture moving Richmond
  3. Moving specialists Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Moving cost estimator
  7. Long-distance movers
  8. Corporate relocation services
  9. Richmond packing experts
  10. Furniture moving Richmond
  11. Moving specialists Richmond
  12. Moving help Richmond
  13. Professional packers Richmond
  14. Moving cost estimator
  15. Long-distance movers
  16. Corporate relocation services
  17. Richmond packing experts
In an industry where costs can quickly spiral, BBX Moving's affordable pricing structure sets them apart, making them the go-to moving and storage company in Richmond.

Moving and Packing Richmond - International moving Richmond

  1. Emergency moving services Richmond
  2. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  3. Richmond packing experts
  4. Furniture moving Richmond
  5. Moving specialists Richmond
  6. Moving help Richmond
  7. Professional packers Richmond
  8. Moving cost estimator
  9. Long-distance movers
  10. Corporate relocation services
  11. Moving with pets Richmond
  12. Relocation services
  13. Small move services Richmond
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Local relocation Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Moving supplies Richmond

Quick Local Movers Richmond

Entity Name Description Source
Richmond, British Columbia A coastal city in British Columbia, Canada, known for its vibrant community, proximity to Vancouver, and multicultural heritage. Source
Moving company A business that assists individuals or organizations in transporting goods from one location to another, often providing additional services like packing, storage, and logistics. Source
Customer satisfaction A measurement that determines how products or services provided by a company meet or surpass customer expectations, often used as a key performance indicator for businesses. Source
Seafair A residential area in Richmond, British Columbia, known for its scenic beauty, family-friendly environment, and proximity to the Fraser River. Source
Logistics The detailed organization and implementation of complex operations, often involving the transportation, warehousing, and distribution of goods in supply chain management. Source

Best Affordable Movers Richmond

Richmond is a city in the coastal Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada. Mainly a suburban city, it occupies almost the entirety of Lulu Island (excluding Queensborough), between the two estuarine distributaries of the Fraser River. Encompassing the adjacent Sea Island (where the Vancouver International Airport is located) and several other smaller islands and uninhabited islets to its north and south, the suburb neighbours Vancouver and Burnaby on the Burrard Peninsula to the north, New Westminster and Annacis Island to the east, Delta to the south, and the Strait of Georgia to the west.

Local Furniture Movers Richmond

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Hollywood
Tourist attraction, Historical landmark
Hollywood Walk of Fame, Hollywood Boulevard, Vine St, Los Angeles, CA 90028, United States
Famous Hollywood sidewalk area emblazoned with stars & celebrity names since 1960.

The Broad

Downtown Los Angeles
Tourist attraction, Art gallery, Art museum, Arts organization, Museum, Modern art museum
The Broad, 221 S Grand Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90012, United States
Modern art museum with a honeycomb-like facade housing rotating exhibits, plus a shop & restaurant.

Stanley Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC V6G 1Z4
Vancouver's largest urban park has beaches, trails & family attractions, plus a picturesque seawall.

Science World

Downtown Vancouver
Tourist attraction, Event venue, Non-profit organization, Science museum, Wedding venue
Science World, 1455 Quebec St, Vancouver, BC V6A 3Z7
Interactive science displays & films for kids from toddlers to early teens, inside a geodesic dome.

Vancouver Seawall

Central Vancouver
Tourist attraction, Scenic spot
Vancouver Seawall, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2
Stone wall to prevent erosion with a waterfront path on top for walking, jogging, cycling & skating.


Citations and other links

Richmond Moving Truck Rental

They've taken the chaos of packing, transporting, and unpacking, and transformed it into an art form, ensuring each client's experience is as smooth and worry-free as possible. BBX also offers a variety of packing services, from full-service packing to providing materials for DIY packers. Being locally based also allows BBX Moving to offer competitive pricing.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Relocation services

  1. International moving Richmond
  2. Emergency moving services Richmond
  3. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  4. Richmond packing experts
  5. Furniture moving Richmond
  6. Moving specialists Richmond
  7. Moving help Richmond
  8. Professional packers Richmond
  9. Moving cost estimator
  10. Long-distance movers
  11. Corporate relocation services
  12. Relocation services
  13. Small move services Richmond
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Local relocation Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
Understanding the unparalleled service offered by BBX Moving naturally leads to a deeper appreciation of why expert move management is critical. Their environmental consciousness is another aspect of their community engagement.

BBX Moving also advises booking their services well in advance. They're not just about getting your items from point A to B; they're about providing a seamless, stress-free experience. They're flexible, aiming to accommodate your preferred dates and times to the best of their ability. Their commitment to efficiency doesn't end with packing.

They've equipped their facilities with around-the-clock surveillance cameras, ensuring that every corner is monitored. This dual layer of protection means your items aren't just protected against environmental threats but are also safe from any potential security breaches.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Move-in/move-out cleaning services

  1. Richmond packing experts
  2. Furniture moving Richmond
  3. Moving specialists Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Moving cost estimator
  7. Long-distance movers
  8. Corporate relocation services
  9. Local relocation Richmond
  10. Movers with packing services
  11. Moving supplies Richmond
  12. International moving Richmond
  13. Emergency moving services Richmond
  14. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  15. Richmond packing experts
  16. Furniture moving Richmond
  17. Moving specialists Richmond
  18. Moving help Richmond
  19. Professional packers Richmond
  20. Moving cost estimator
It's about ensuring everything arrives safely, on time, and with as little stress as possible. They offer flexible scheduling options, allowing you to adjust your moving date if needed, subject to availability.

Whether it's a local move or a long-distance relocation, opting for full-service packing means you can focus on other aspects of your move, trusting the experts to manage the packing process efficiently. They've also embraced technology, providing clients with real-time updates and the ability to track their move's progress. With BBX Moving, customers can expect a stress-free moving experience, tailored perfectly to their individual needs. They're equipped to handle moves of any size and distance, whether you're moving across town or across the country.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Movers in Richmond VA

  1. Moving specialists Richmond
  2. Moving help Richmond
  3. Professional packers Richmond
  4. Moving cost estimator
  5. Long-distance movers
  6. Corporate relocation services
  7. Emergency moving services Richmond
  8. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  9. Richmond packing experts
  10. Furniture moving Richmond
  11. Moving specialists Richmond
  12. Moving help Richmond
  13. Professional packers Richmond
  14. Moving cost estimator
  15. Long-distance movers
  16. Corporate relocation services
  17. Emergency moving services Richmond


Richmond Moving Truck Rental
Full-Service Movers Richmond

Full-Service Movers Richmond

Moreover, their adaptability to different moving scenarios is unmatched. This level of support isn't always guaranteed in the moving industry, making BBX Moving stand out among its competitors. This initial consultation helps them tailor a moving plan that fits your specific requirements, eliminating any guesswork on moving day. This system is based on move size, distance, and additional services selected, providing flexibility and control over the cost.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Relocation services

  1. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  2. Richmond packing experts
  3. Furniture moving Richmond
  4. Moving specialists Richmond
  5. Moving help Richmond
  6. Professional packers Richmond
  7. Moving cost estimator
  8. Long-distance movers
  9. Corporate relocation services
  10. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  11. Richmond packing experts
  12. Furniture moving Richmond
  13. Moving specialists Richmond
  14. Moving help Richmond
  15. Professional packers Richmond
  16. Moving cost estimator
  17. Long-distance movers
  18. Corporate relocation services
  19. Move-in/move-out cleaning services


As they continue to engage with the community and offer invaluable moving tips and advice, one can't help but wonder what the future holds for BBX Moving. Comprised of skilled movers, packers, and logistics experts, they're dedicated to providing the highest level of service from start to finish. When it comes to packing materials, don't skimp.

This not only makes packing easier but also reduces the cost of your move since you're moving fewer items. Additionally, the website provides a wealth of information about the company's services, pricing, and even moving tips to help prepare for the big day. This tech-forward approach not only improves efficiency but also adds an extra layer of transparency and security, giving clients peace of mind throughout the moving process.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Movers in Richmond VA

  1. Richmond packing experts
  2. Furniture moving Richmond
  3. Moving specialists Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Moving cost estimator
  7. Long-distance movers
  8. Corporate relocation services
  9. Moving company promotions
  10. Professional moving services
  11. Moving with pets Richmond
  12. Relocation services
  13. Small move services Richmond
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Local relocation Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Moving supplies Richmond
  18. International moving Richmond
  19. Emergency moving services Richmond


They don't just unload boxes; they organize and arrange your items. As you prepare for your move with BBX Moving in Richmond, creating a moving checklist is your first step toward organization. They stress the importance of research, suggesting customers look for companies with positive reviews, transparent pricing, and a proven track record of reliability and professionalism.



Moving and Packing Richmond - Moving with pets Richmond

  1. Long-distance movers
  2. Corporate relocation services
  3. Movers with packing services
  4. Moving supplies Richmond
  5. International moving Richmond
  6. Emergency moving services Richmond
  7. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  8. Richmond packing experts
  9. Furniture moving Richmond
  10. Moving specialists Richmond
  11. Moving help Richmond
  12. Professional packers Richmond
  13. Moving cost estimator
  14. Long-distance movers
  15. Corporate relocation services
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Moving supplies Richmond
  18. International moving Richmond
  19. Emergency moving services Richmond
  20. Move-in/move-out cleaning services

Richmond Commercial Moving Services

With a comprehensive suite of services, a professional team that treats your items as their own, and a smooth process from start to finish, BBX Moving stands out in a crowded field. This specialized approach guarantees that every valuable reaches its destination in pristine condition, reflecting their commitment to exceptional service. BBX Moving's unpacking service stands out for its meticulous attention to detail. It's not just about reducing the volume of items to move; it's about seizing the opportunity to start fresh.

It's a testament to BBX Moving's commitment to customer satisfaction and their willingness to leverage technology to enhance the moving experience. Whether you're moving a delicate antique or a hefty piece of furniture, they've got the expertise to pack it right. They understand that moving isn't just about transporting items from one place to another.

They'll want to know the size of your home, the number of items you're moving, and any special requirements you might have. BBX's weather-resistant boxes and efficient service ensured a smooth transition, with no damages reported this time. They've positioned themselves as the go-to solution for anyone's moving and storage needs, wrapping professionalism and efficiency into one comprehensive package.

Moving and Packing Richmond - International moving Richmond

  1. Richmond packing experts
  2. Furniture moving Richmond
  3. Moving specialists Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Moving cost estimator
  7. Long-distance movers
  8. Corporate relocation services
  9. Movers in Richmond VA
  10. Local relocation Richmond
  11. Movers with packing services
  12. Moving supplies Richmond
  13. International moving Richmond
  14. Emergency moving services Richmond
  15. Move-in/move-out cleaning services


BBX Moving advises making a detailed inventory list to keep track of everything you're moving. Recognizing the stress and challenges that come with relocating, they're dedicated to making the moving process as smooth and seamless as possible for their clients. With BBX Moving, you're not just getting a storage space; you're getting a comprehensive solution tailored to protect and preserve your valuables until their final delivery.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Movers with packing services

  1. Moving specialists Richmond
  2. Moving help Richmond
  3. Professional packers Richmond
  4. Moving cost estimator
  5. Long-distance movers
  6. Corporate relocation services
  7. Moving checklist Richmond
  8. Moving company promotions
  9. Professional moving services
  10. Moving with pets Richmond
  11. Relocation services
  12. Small move services Richmond
  13. Movers in Richmond VA
  14. Local relocation Richmond
  15. Movers with packing services
  16. Moving supplies Richmond
  17. International moving Richmond
  18. Emergency moving services Richmond
  19. Move-in/move-out cleaning services


Richmond Commercial Moving Services
Richmond Moving Estimates
Richmond Moving Estimates

As they broaden their horizons beyond Richmond, the question arises: what sets BBX Moving apart in a sea of competition? For clients with tighter budgets, they offer an hourly rate option, ideal for smaller, local moves where time can be accurately estimated.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Moving with pets Richmond

  1. Moving cost estimator
  2. Long-distance movers
  3. Corporate relocation services
  4. International moving Richmond
  5. Emergency moving services Richmond
  6. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  7. Richmond packing experts
  8. Furniture moving Richmond
  9. Moving specialists Richmond
  10. Moving help Richmond
  11. Professional packers Richmond
  12. Moving cost estimator
  13. Long-distance movers
  14. Corporate relocation services
  15. International moving Richmond
  16. Emergency moving services Richmond
  17. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  18. Richmond packing experts
  19. Furniture moving Richmond
They've set themselves apart by not just handling your items but by guaranteeing their safety and your satisfaction through comprehensive insurance coverage and strict professional standards.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Move-in/move-out cleaning services

  1. Best-rated movers Richmond
  2. Commercial movers Richmond
  3. Moving checklist Richmond
  4. Moving company promotions
  5. Professional moving services
  6. Moving with pets Richmond
  7. Relocation services
  8. Small move services Richmond
  9. Movers in Richmond VA
  10. Local relocation Richmond
  11. Movers with packing services
  12. Moving supplies Richmond
  13. International moving Richmond
  14. Emergency moving services Richmond
  15. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  16. Richmond packing experts
  17. Furniture moving Richmond
Whether it's a straightforward pay-as-you-go system or a more structured installment plan, BBX Moving ensures there's an option that'll work for everyone.

Best long distance moving companies Richmond

Additionally, BBX Moving uses only high-quality packing materials and employs state-of-the-art equipment designed to protect your items throughout the move. Choosing BBX Moving for your relocation needs in Richmond ensures you're opting for a service that stands out for its reliability, efficiency, and customer-centric approach. In essence, BBX Moving's timely and efficient processes stand out in the Richmond moving and storage industry. Jessica's review highlighted the company's attention to detail, stating, 'They paid attention to the little things, which really made a difference. This approach not only demonstrates BBX Moving's commitment to customer satisfaction but also highlights their understanding of the financial pressures that come with moving.
Whether it's selecting specific packing services, choosing dedicated moving days, or arranging for special care for delicate items, BBX ensures that their approach aligns perfectly with the customer's requirements. Beyond their commitment to the community, BBX Moving also excels in offering expert moving tips and advice to ensure a smooth relocation process. Plus, their transparent pricing means there are no surprises. Moreover, BBX Moving understands that both local and long-distance moves come with their own sets of anxieties and questions.
Customers can quickly recognize the authorized personnel handling their possessions, providing added peace of mind during what can often be a hectic and anxious time. BBX Moving's experts emphasize taking your time to unpack methodically, which reduces stress and makes the process more manageable.

Moving and Packing Richmond - Local relocation Richmond

  1. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  2. Richmond packing experts
  3. Furniture moving Richmond
  4. Moving specialists Richmond
  5. Moving help Richmond
  6. Professional packers Richmond
  7. Moving cost estimator
  8. Long-distance movers
  9. Corporate relocation services
  10. Professional moving services
  11. Moving with pets Richmond
  12. Relocation services
  13. Small move services Richmond
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Local relocation Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Moving supplies Richmond
  18. International moving Richmond
To ensure a smooth moving process, it's crucial to start with a comprehensive checklist of essentials. The growth hasn't just been in numbers; it's been in the scope of services offered as well.
BBX Moving's plastic box rental service is designed to be hassle-free from start to finish, making it an attractive option for anyone looking to reduce the stress and environmental impact of their move. Moreover, BBX Moving stands out for its ability to handle long-distance moves with the same level of efficiency and attention to detail as local moves. The customer appreciated the crew's attention to detail and the way they ensured every item arrived in perfect condition. In a nutshell, BBX Moving's comprehensive range of services, combined with its customer-focused approach, reinforces its position as a top moving company in Richmond, celebrating over a decade of moving excellence.

Explore Moving and Packing Richmond here
Best long distance moving companies Richmond
Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), wood and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis XVI), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with glass top (Contemporary)

Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is a return to natural shapes and textures.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture,[2] the noun form of fournir, which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages as well as German use variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, meaning "moveable goods".[6]

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks as rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the existence of constructed furniture is a Venus figurine found at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone balls also found at the site.

Antiquity

[edit]

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th–8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]

Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Evidence of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

During the Dynastic Period, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily constructed using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood found in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, so it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join two shorter pieces together and form a longer beam was one example of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive wood on the surface.[18]

The earliest used seating furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family down to ordinary citizens.[19] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a simple three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for comfort during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were decorated with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to only wealthy and high ranking people, and seen as a status symbol; they did not reach ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a straight back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] as well as beds and storage chests.[24][25]

Ancient Greece

[edit]
Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with cheap solid wood, then apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture construction also made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a piece together.[26] Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

The modern word "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρÏŒνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/hierarchy or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, constructed by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in most Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used as a bed, but also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were low and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would have used a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and construction. Rome gradually superseded Greece as the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the two is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

Roman furniture was constructed principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very little wooden furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and also practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

 

Middle Ages

[edit]
Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the Middle Ages.[41] For example, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly decorated and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous decorated, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the form of beds imitated the Roman ones, but have different designs of legs.[44]

The main ornament of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but later as structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and escutcheon of chests have also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

Renaissance

[edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

17th and 18th centuries

[edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the fashion was set in England by the French art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave way around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "first comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something so distinct in the development of taste in French furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

19th century

[edit]
The Chevy Chase Sideboard by Gerrard Robinson. Often considered to be one of the finest furniture pieces of the 19th century and an icon of Victorian furniture.

The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this time in North America as well.

Early North American

[edit]

This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cherry or walnut.[citation needed]

Mid-Century Modern

[edit]
Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) 1956

The first three-quarters of the 20th century is seen as the march towards Modernism. The furniture designers of Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession all worked to some degree within the Modernist motto.

Born from the Bauhaus and Streamline Moderne came the post-World War II style "Mid-Century Modern". Mid-Century Modern materials developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladimir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.

Contemporary

[edit]

Industrialisation, Post-Modernism, and the Internet have allowed furniture design to become more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before. There are many modern styles of furniture design, each with roots in Classical, Modernist, and Post-Modern design and art movements. The growth of Maker Culture across the Western sphere of influence has encouraged higher participation and development of new, more accessible furniture design techniques. One unique outgrowth of this post-modern furniture design trajectory is Live Edge, which incorporates the natural surface of a tree as part of a furniture object, heralding a resurgence of these natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Additionally, the use of Epoxy Resin has become more prevalent in DIY furniture styles.

Ecodesign

[edit]
Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign

Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[69]

Postmodernism

[edit]

Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.[citation needed]

Asian history

[edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern

[edit]
Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired by paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter furniture (stools and small chairs).[70]

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery powder, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cherry and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are also common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[71]

Types

[edit]

For sitting

[edit]

Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most important.[2] In addition to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, as well as the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest form of seat is the chair,[72] which is a piece of furniture designed to allow a single person to sit down, which has a back and legs, as well as a platform for sitting.[73] Chairs often feature cushions made from various fabrics.[74]

Types of wood used

[edit]
Making of log furniture: cutting a bar stool from a piece of log

All different types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Hardwood and softwood are the two main categories for wood. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses. Deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that change color periodically throughout the year, are the source of hardwood. Coniferous trees, also known as cone-bearing trees, have small leaves or needles that stay on the tree throughout the year.[75][76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air dried to rid it of its moisture.[77]

Cherry

[edit]

A popular furniture hardwood is American black cherry. Cherry is a light reddish brown to brown color that intensifies into a rich color as it ages, and grows mostly in the eastern United States. Cherry has a tighter grain than birch and is softer. Much cherry lumber is narrow, and it has been utilized to make many lovely classic furniture pieces.[75]

Birch

[edit]

Birch is a sturdy, durable, even-textured hardwood that is common in the United States and Canada. The wood appears white or creamy yellow to light brown with a crimson tinge in its natural state. Birch is frequently stained to complement other types of wood in furniture. Birch is used to make a lot of transparent, cabinet-grade plywood because it absorbs stain well and finishes beautifully. Birch is frequently used to construct interior doors and cupboards in addition to furniture.[75]

Restoration of furniture

[edit]

Restoring a piece of furniture may imply attempting to repair and revive the original finish in some way. More often than not, this entails removing the existing treatment and preparing the raw wood for a new finish. Methods for repair depend on what kind of wood it is: solid or veneered, hardwood or softwood, open grained or closed grained. These variables can sometimes decide if a piece of furniture is worth repairing, as well as the type of repairs and finish it will require if it is restored. The 3 methods of restoring furniture are rejuvenate, repair, and refinish.

Rejuvenate The piece can easily be restored by just cleaning and waxing the surface while preserving the current finish. It works on wooden furniture that is still in good shape and is the simplest way to clean it.

Repair This process can fix dents and cracks by touching up some worn-out areas without removing the surface with this technique, the finish can be maintained while repairing the object with specialized products.

Refinish Remove anything that is left for example any paint with a finish-stripper product or lightly sanding the area down and then applying wood finish like oil wax in order to protect the secure the wood.[75]

Cleaning Remove dirt, dust, and grime from the furniture using a mild soap or specialized furniture cleaner.

Standards for design, functionality and safety

[edit]
Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).
  • EN 527 Office furnitureWork tables and desks: This European standard specifies requirements and test methods for office work tables and desks, ensuring their functionality and safety.
  • EN 1335 Office furnitureOffice work chair: This European standard sets requirements for office chairs, focusing on ergonomics and comfort to promote user well-being and productivity.
  • ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating: This American National Standard, published by the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA), provides requirements for the performance and durability of office seating.
  • DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair: This German standard covers revolving office chairs with adjustable backrests, armrests, and height, ensuring their quality and safety.
  • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use: This European standard specifies the requirements for outdoor seating and tables used in various settings, including camping and domestic use.
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability: This European standard outlines test methods to assess the strength and durability of seating furniture, last updated in 2014.
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard provides test methods to evaluate the stability, strength, and durability of various types of furniture.
  • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture: This British Standard focuses on determining the stability of non-domestic storage furniture, helping ensure its safety and reliability.
  • EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard sets test methods to assess the stability, strength, and durability of bunk beds and high beds.
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods: This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for laboratory workbenches to ensure safe working conditions.
  • EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs, and tables for educational institutions: This European standard outlines requirements for educational furniture, including chairs and tables, to support comfort and ergonomics in educational settings.
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Germany: RAL is a German standardization organization, and RAL-GZ 430 provides guidelines and standards for various types of furniture in Germany.
  • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands: NEN is the Dutch Institute for Standardization, and NEN 1812 sets standards for furniture in the Netherlands.
  • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture: This Chinese standard specifies technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14.
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating: This British Standard outlines test methods to assess the ignitability of upholstered seating, both by smoldering and flaming ignition sources.
  • BS 7176: This British Standard specifies requirements for the resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture used in non-domestic settings through composite testing. These standards help ensure the quality, safety, and performance of various types of furniture in different regions and applications. Manufacturers and consumers often use these standards as guidelines to meet specific requirements and ensure product reliability.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. 2.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
  17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 14.
  19. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 15.
  20. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 6.
  21. ^ a b Litchfield 2011, pp. 6–7.
  22. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 17.
  23. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 21.
  24. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 22.
  25. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 24.
  26. ^ a b c d e Blakemore 2006, p. 39.
  27. ^ Richter 1966, p. 125.
  28. ^ Richter 1966, p. 13.
  29. ^ Richter 1966, pp. 14, NH 5.11.2ff.
  30. ^ Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary Art," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1, ed. Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246.
  31. ^ Guhl, E.; Koner, W. (1989). Everyday Life in Greek and Roman Times. New York: Crescent. p. 133.
  32. ^ Wanscher 1980, p. 83.
  33. ^ Simpson, 253.[full citation needed]
  34. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 43.
  35. ^ Andrianou, 36.[full citation needed]
  36. ^ Richter 1966, p. 63.
  37. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 42.
  38. ^ Richter 1966, p. 66.
  39. ^ Chicago Painter. "Stamnos (Mixing Jar)". Art Institute of Chicago.
  40. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 61.
  41. ^ a b c d Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 33.
  42. ^ Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 35.
  43. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 172.
  44. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 174.
  45. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 206, 207, 209, 210 & 211.
  46. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  47. ^ Vazaca, Marina (1999). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României Ghidul ColecÈ›iilor (in Romanian). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României. p. 70. ISBN 2-7118-3840-4.
  48. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  49. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  50. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  51. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  52. ^ unknown (18 September 2013) [before 1923]. A history of feminine fashion. Nabu Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-289-62694-5.
  53. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0618252107.
  54. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 211.
  55. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  56. ^ "Pier Table". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  57. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  58. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 287.
  59. ^ "Slant-Front Desk". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  60. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  61. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  62. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  63. ^ a b Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  64. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  65. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  66. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  67. ^ "Desk". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  68. ^ "Paris et l'Art Nouveau". Nº281 Dossier de l'Art (in French). Éditions Faton. 2020.
  69. ^ "Ecodesign Report – The Results of a survey Amongst Australian Industrial Design Consultancies". Big's Furniture. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  70. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 152, 153, 154 & 156.
  71. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 164, 165 & 166.
  72. ^ "Physique of office chair". Foss Alborg. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  73. ^ "Definition of CHAIR". www.merriam-webster.com. 3 June 2023.
  74. ^ Jefferys, Chris (2006). Soft Furnishings. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-903-1 – via Google Books.
  75. ^ a b c d Hingley, Brian D. (2021). Ultimate guide to furniture repair & refinishing : restore, rebuild, and renew wooden furniture. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58011-843-9. OCLC 1273413610.
  76. ^ "Types of Wood". Hoove Designs. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  77. ^ Abbas, Abe. "Judge Quality in Wood Furniture". About.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

References

[edit]
[edit]

 

 

 

Mover or movers may refer to:

Persons with the surname

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Frequently Asked Questions

BBX Moving addresses accidental damage by promptly assessing the situation, offering fair compensation, and making necessary repairs. They focus on customer satisfaction and ensure their clients' property is handled with the utmost care.

BBX Moving has clear policies for items needing disassembly and reassembly. They'll carefully dismantle your items, transport them securely, and reassemble them at your new location, ensuring everything's set up just right for you.

BBX Moving ensures the privacy and security of personal items by using secure packing materials, conducting background checks on staff, and offering tracking services for each move. They're committed to keeping customers' belongings safe.