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Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. It's all about making informed decisions that align with your values. Once the plan's set, we'll guide you through the selection of materials and finishes, balancing quality with your budget. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Learn more about Kitchen Renovation Surrey here
They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. Eco-friendly renovations Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability. Their team of experienced designers listens to your ideas, preferences, and the specific requirements you have for your living space.
They're ready to listen to your ideas, needs, and the dreams you have for your space. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run.

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Moving beyond custom solutions, we also embrace innovative design approaches to elevate your home renovation project.
Following this, Canyon Property presents you with detailed plans, including 3D renderings when necessary, to give you a clear picture of the proposed transformation. Attic renovation They're mindful of water conservation too, recommending fixtures that reduce water usage without sacrificing functionality. They're not just thinking about aesthetics; they're considering functionality, flow, and how each element of the design will enhance your daily life.

Canyon Property doesn't just talk the talk; they walk the walk. Fireplace remodeling We're not just listening; we're imagining alongside you, pinpointing the exact textures, colors, and functionalities that will bring your vision to life. Having explored the unmatched craftsmanship of Canyon Property Projects Ltd., let's now focus on their bespoke renovation process, designed to bring your unique vision to life. Aging-in-place renovations You're involved in every step, from selecting materials to finalizing designs. The interest rates are usually favorable, making it a popular choice.

Imagine tearing down unnecessary walls to create an open, airy environment, or perhaps adding an extension to give your family the extra room it desperately needs. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations. That's what they're bringing to homes across Kitchen Renovation Surrey. They're making it possible.

In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions. You can tweak designs, swap out finishes, and adjust layouts in real-time, ensuring the final product is exactly what you envisioned. You've seen the before and after photos, but it's the stories behind these transformations that truly speak volumes. One common challenge is unexpected delays. Soaking tub installation

The Canyon Property difference lies in their commitment to tailoring every project to the individual homeowner, ensuring that no two renovations are alike. If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. As the morning sun peeks through the misty landscapes of Kitchen Renovation Surrey, it illuminates not just the natural beauty of this region but also the expert craftsmanship of Canyon Property Projects, a name that's become synonymous with excellence in home improvements. Canyon Property Projects Ltd tailors every design to fit your unique style and needs, ensuring your home renovation truly reflects who you are.

Backsplash installation

Citations and other links

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As we look ahead, the future of home renovation promises to revolutionize the way you live in your space, integrating cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices. We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. We're committed to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations, ensuring that every detail, no matter how small, is perfect.

Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. This step is crucial to avoid legal problems and ensure your renovation meets all safety standards. Having explored our commitment to sustainability, let's now walk you through the steps involved in our renovation process.

Dive into a full-scale home transformation journey with Canyon Property, where every room gets a tailored renovation to suit your lifestyle and tastes. Behind every before and after photo is the story of a journey. We understand the importance of reducing our carbon footprint and strive to make eco-friendly choices from start to finish.

We don't just stop at the basics; we also offer custom carpentry, enabling unique additions that make your home truly yours.

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Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs. Our experience spans across all facets of home renovation, ensuring that your vision comes to life in ways that exceed your expectations.

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Kitchen Renovation Surrey Home Improvement Specialists

Kitchen Renovation Surrey Home Improvement Specialists

Our team doesn't just focus on the big picture; we're obsessed with the details. Baseboard and trim renovation Exterior siding replacement When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your bathroom renovation, you're getting more than a simple makeover. It's not just about renovating homes; it's about rebuilding trust and forging lasting relationships with homeowners and local businesses alike. Understanding your project's unique demands, Canyon Property Projects implements a tailored project management approach to ensure your renovation dreams are realized efficiently and effectively.

They understand that it's not just a house they're renovating; it's your home. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is at the forefront, offering bespoke solutions that ensure your home renovation is truly unique to you. Let's transform your home into a model of sustainability, showcasing that eco-friendly choices can coexist with sophisticated design and modern comfort.

When you embark on a renovation project with Canyon, they'll delve deep into your lifestyle, ensuring that every inch of your home serves a purpose that aligns with your daily activities. It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. The future of home renovation is about creating spaces that reflect your lifestyle and values, with a nod towards sustainability and innovation. Luxury home remodeling Surrey

It's that easy to start transforming your home with Canyon Property Projects. We're not just about making spaces look new; we're about creating environments that reflect your specific lifestyle and preferences. They'll discuss your preferences, lifestyle, and any unique elements you want to incorporate.

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Plus, their commitment to sustainability means you can enjoy a more energy-efficient home, reducing your carbon footprint while saving on utility bills. At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm. What sets them apart is their commitment to not only meeting but exceeding your expectations. You're also thinking about functionality, improving the flow of your home, and incorporating smart technology that enhances your day-to-day living. We meticulously oversee every detail, ensuring the workmanship meets our exacting standards-and yours.
Our approach is collaborative. It's a solid option if you're looking for a straightforward, no-collateral-required solution. Firstly, we'll sit down with you for a thorough consultation. You'll notice the difference this makes the moment you step into a space transformed by Canyon Property Projects.
They've built a reputation for delivering top-notch results, all while ensuring the process is smooth and transparent. Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project. Their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction set them apart. Whether it's the intricate tile work that makes a bathroom feel like a spa retreat or the seamless flow they create in kitchen spaces, Canyon Property Projects stands out as a beacon of quality and innovation in Kitchen Renovation Surrey's competitive market. Read more about Kitchen Renovation Surrey here
It's about adapting to changes, managing resources wisely, and ensuring quality control throughout every phase. They understand that your home is a personal space that should embody your life, tastes, and aspirations. They're not just about updating a single room; they're here to revolutionize the way you live in your space. Green home remodeling That's why they're committed to working closely with you from the initial concept to the final touches.

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Whether you're looking to update a single room or undertake a full-scale renovation, they work with you to find cost-effective solutions that meet your goals and financial parameters. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that feels right for you. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine. If you've built up equity in your home, this can be a cost-effective way to borrow, often offering lower interest rates than personal loans or credit cards.

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Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home. They work closely with you, considering your preferences, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space to design and execute renovations that aren't only beautiful but also practical. Our exterior renovation services, including landscaping, decking, and exterior painting, not only boost curb appeal but also add to your home's value. One key error is underestimating your budget.

That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. Our team at Canyon Property Projects doesn't just follow the latest trends; we're setting them. If you're contemplating embarking on a journey to revitalize your home, learning more about what sets Canyon Property Projects apart could be your first step towards a seamlessly executed dream renovation. Their team is a blend of seasoned professionals, each bringing a wealth of experience and a keen eye for detail to your project.

Canyon Property transforms your kitchen into the heart of your home with expert remodeling services tailored to your style and needs. Our approach is simple yet effective: listen, innovate, and execute with precision. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. Share your inspirations, timelines, and budget right from the start.

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A quick call can often answer immediate questions and set up a more detailed discussion. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource. That's why they're committed to transforming your ideas into reality, ensuring that every corner of your home speaks to who you are. Emma, a recent client, added, 'Their communication throughout the process was outstanding.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just stop at aesthetics and utility; they're also committed to using sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs, ensuring your kitchen makeover is as environmentally friendly as it's beautiful. We're here to work closely with you, making sure you're informed about potential cost implications and helping you make decisions that align with your budget and your vision. And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions.
We're talking about solar-powered lighting solutions, energy-efficient appliances, and water-saving fixtures that blend seamlessly into your home's design. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement. We couldn't be happier with the outcome.'Finally, Lisa G.

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notes, 'Their customer service is unmatched.

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  • Attic renovation
  • Home office renovation
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  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Mudroom design
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It's these experiences that highlight the company's commitment to not only meet but surpass their clients' visions. We're not just about aesthetics; we also prioritize functionality, ensuring that your new spaces not only look beautiful but also work seamlessly for your lifestyle. We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality.

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Renovation Contractor Reviews Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

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In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

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Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

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Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

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Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

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A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

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Frequently Asked Questions

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