Surrey Home Remodeling Services

Surrey Home Remodeling Services

Entertainment room renovation

Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests. We also navigate the complexities of planning and permits, making the process as seamless as possible. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. Learn more about Surrey Home Remodeling Services here Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-plan kitchen or a luxurious, spa-like bathroom, they've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. Lastly, living through renovations can be stressful. You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with a dedicated group of professionals who've spent years honing their craft.
Moreover, integrating technology has never been more seamless. Don't settle for a home that's only partly what you want. You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision.
They strive to complete projects on time and within budget, minimizing disruptions to your daily routine. After we've got all the details down, it's time to design. Whether it's transforming a dated kitchen into a culinary haven, turning an old bathroom into a spa-like retreat, or undertaking a full-scale home renovation, their team brings a blend of creativity, craftsmanship, and attention to detail that sets them apart. Smart homes are evolving beyond convenience, offering solutions that anticipate your needs before you even realize them.
We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches. Home remodeling consultation Their transparent communication keeps you informed every step of the way, ensuring the final result exceeds your expectations. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're kept in the loop. Our design philosophy emphasizes natural light, enhancing your home's warmth and reducing the need for artificial lighting.

Plus, their email is always open for inquiries, allowing you to get detailed information at your own pace. As you contemplate giving your space a facelift or embarking on a more ambitious renovation journey, understanding what sets Canyon apart in an industry rife with tales of woe could be the first step towards a successful partnership. We don't just stop at the basics; we also offer custom carpentry, enabling unique additions that make your home truly yours. Built-in storage solutions This visit is crucial as it allows them to provide you with a more accurate estimate and timeline for your project, ensuring there are no surprises down the line. Each photo in the gallery tells a story of collaboration, creativity, and craftsmanship.

Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life. Canyon's team was professional, efficient, and their attention to detail was remarkable.' It's feedback like Sarah's that highlights the dedication and quality Canyon Property Projects brings to every project. Entertainment room renovation Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline.

To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins. As you ponder the future of home renovation, consider how this company is transforming dreams into reality. From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function. They're committed to keeping you in the loop, ensuring that your project stays on track, within budget, and is completed to your satisfaction.

By focusing on sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs, they're not only transforming your living spaces but also ensuring a greener, more sustainable future for the entire community. From the initial idea to the final touches, they've got you covered. Share your inspirations, timelines, and budget right from the start. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run.

Citations and other links

Interior Design Surrey Home Remodeling Services

Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation. You're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a collective of experts who've been handpicked for their specific skills. They use only the best materials and employ skilled craftsmen who are passionate about their work. You can tweak designs, swap out finishes, and adjust layouts in real-time, ensuring the final product is exactly what you envisioned. Landscaping and hardscaping They use cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly practices to reduce water waste and save you money in the long run.

These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished. We also understand the importance of staying within budget and on schedule. Their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction set them apart. You're not just another project to us; you're a partner in creating the home of your dreams.

Next, you'll receive a transparent quote, breaking down costs without any hidden fees, ensuring you're informed and comfortable before any work begins. When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Kitchen renovation

  1. Home theater installation
  2. Accessible home design
  3. Soaking tub installation
  4. Green home remodeling
  5. Countertop installation
  6. Fence and gate installation
  7. Electrical renovations
  8. Door installation
  9. Landscaping and hardscaping
  10. Surrey heritage home restoration
  11. Tile installation services
  12. Home remodeling consultation
  13. Basement waterproofing
  14. Best renovation experts Surrey
  15. Built-in storage solutions
  16. Home office renovation
  17. Painting and wall finishes
  18. Home addition services
  19. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  20. Window replacement
Their quotes are detailed and honest, reflecting a commitment to fairness and value. They're mindful of water conservation too, recommending fixtures that reduce water usage without sacrificing functionality.

Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Tile installation services

  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Home office renovation
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Home addition services
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Window replacement
  • Garage conversion
  • Basement suite construction
  • Bathroom tile renovation
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  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Home theater installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Countertop installation
  • Door installation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. From initial consultation to final reveal, Canyon Property Projects works closely with you to bring your vision to life, ensuring the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days.

Interior Design Surrey Home Remodeling Services
Surrey Home Remodeling Services Residential Renovation

Surrey Home Remodeling Services Residential Renovation

You'll find our services extend to the exterior of your home as well.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Fence and gate installation

  1. Bathroom tile renovation
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  3. Baseboard and trim renovation
  4. Home theater installation
  5. Accessible home design
  6. Soaking tub installation
  7. Green home remodeling
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  10. Built-in storage solutions
  11. Home office renovation
  12. Painting and wall finishes
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  15. Window replacement
  16. Garage conversion
It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes your renovation experience.
First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation. Canyon Property manages every aspect of the renovation process, ensuring a seamless transition from old to new. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere.
They don't just follow trends; they set them. Deck and patio remodeling They've got a specialist for that.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Landscaping and hardscaping

  • Garage conversion
  • Basement suite construction
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Home theater installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Countertop installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Door installation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Tile installation services
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
Read more about Surrey Home Remodeling Services here Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line.
They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship. Imagine your home in Surrey Home Remodeling Services as a diamond in the rough, holding untold potential that only needs the expert touch of Canyon Property Projects to truly shine.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Kitchen renovation

  • Soaking tub installation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Countertop installation
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Home addition services
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Window replacement
  • Garage conversion
  • Basement suite construction
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Home theater installation
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  • Soaking tub installation
In the end, Canyon Property Projects doesn't just manage projects-they deliver dreams. Painting and wall finishes

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Canyon uses only the best materials and the latest techniques to deliver a result that's not just aesthetically pleasing but also durable. Imagine stepping into a home that not only reflects your personality but also adapts to your lifestyle changes over time. Surrey renovation project planning You'll find more homes being renovated with recycled materials, renewable resources, and products that have a minimal impact on the environment. Our approach includes recycling construction materials whenever possible, opting for sustainable wood and low-VOC paints. With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care.

Dive into a full-scale home transformation journey with Canyon Property, where every room gets a tailored renovation to suit your lifestyle and tastes. Every project undertaken by Canyon Property Projects exemplifies our commitment to delivering unmatched service quality, ensuring your renovation dreams become a reality with precision and care. One client, Sarah, shared, 'We're thrilled with our new kitchen.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Tile installation services

  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Home theater installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Countertop installation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Home office renovation
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Home addition services
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Window replacement
When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient.

Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-concept kitchen where you can host dinner parties, a serene bathroom oasis for relaxation, or a functional and stylish home office, Canyon Property has got you covered. We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. That's why they're dedicated to crafting spaces that you'll love for years to come, ensuring every project is a testament to their pioneering craftsmanship excellence. Embracing sustainable practices, Canyon Property Projects Ltd ensures that your home renovation reduces environmental impact while enhancing efficiency.

You're benefiting from years of experience that span a wide range of renovation projects, big and small. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. Another mistake is neglecting proper planning. Canyon Property Projects is adept at adjusting schedules and finding solutions to keep your project moving forward.

Small Bathroom Remodel Surrey Home Remodeling Services
Surrey Home Remodeling Services Home Renovation Consultation Services
Surrey Home Remodeling Services Home Renovation Consultation Services

Throughout the renovation, they keep you informed and involved, valuing your input and making adjustments as necessary to meet your expectations. This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft. It's not just about delivering on time and budget; it's about adding value that you hadn't even considered. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. Canyon Property Projects lists their phone number prominently on their site.

You'll find our services cater to a broad spectrum. Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life. The feedback was overwhelming, with the owner pointing out how the house's value skyrocketed after the renovation. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement.

You'll find that smart storage solutions are a key focus, turning cluttered counters into sleek, usable spaces. Emma, a recent client, added, 'Their communication throughout the process was outstanding. They've taken a hands-on approach to make a difference, whether it's by sponsoring local sports teams, participating in charity events, or offering their expertise to help with community-led improvement projects. Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch. Kitchen renovation

That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made. This isn't just about seeing your space; it's about experiencing it. At the heart of every stunning renovation is our unwavering commitment to high-quality craftsmanship.

Home Renovation Contractor Quotes Surrey Home Remodeling Services

They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. They achieve this by leveraging long-standing relationships with suppliers and employing efficient project management techniques that minimize waste and maximize value. Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. Door installation We use eco-friendly materials and methods that reduce waste, conserve energy, and minimize the carbon footprint of your renovation. They're not just thinking about aesthetics; they're considering functionality, flow, and how each element of the design will enhance your daily life.
They don't just renovate spaces; they transform them into personalized sanctuaries that reflect who you are. They've got a knack for seamlessly integrating tech solutions with hands-on expertise, which means you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a finely-tuned team dedicated to making your vision a reality without the usual stress.

Surrey Home Remodeling Services - Deck and patio remodeling

  1. House remodeling experts
  2. Baseboard and trim renovation
  3. Home theater installation
  4. Accessible home design
  5. Soaking tub installation
  6. Green home remodeling
  7. Countertop installation
  8. Tile installation services
  9. Home remodeling consultation
  10. Basement waterproofing
  11. Best renovation experts Surrey
  12. Built-in storage solutions
  13. Home office renovation
  14. Painting and wall finishes
  15. Home addition services
  16. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  17. Window replacement
  18. Garage conversion
  19. Basement suite construction
This means fewer delays, unexpected costs, and overall, a smoother experience for you. We're not satisfied until every element of your renovation meets our rigorous standards and exceeds your expectations.
It's about creating environments that foster well-being and connect neighbors, turning individual houses into cohesive neighborhoods. Moreover, modular designs will allow you to reconfigure your space effortlessly as your needs change, making your home truly future-proof. But it's not just about ticking boxes; it's about quality. Roofing and gutters With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your home renovation dreams a reality.
Energy efficiency upgrades are another key area we focus on. Best renovation experts Surrey Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life. From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision. We also understand the importance of personalization.

Explore Surrey Home Remodeling Services here
Home Renovation Contractor Quotes Surrey Home Remodeling Services

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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