What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver?

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver?

Mobile recovery IV

Identifying the Need for Mobile IV Therapy


Oh, so you're curious about how one figures out they need mobile IV therapy, and what the process looks like over in Vancouver, huh? Learn more about Vancouver’s Trusted Mobile IV Treatment – Feel Your Best here. Well, let's dive in!


First off, identifying the need for mobile IV therapy, that's a bit of a personal journey, ain't it? Sometimes, it's as clear as day - you know, you've been partying a bit too hard (we've all been there, haven't we?), or maybe you just ran a marathon and your body's screaming for some hydration. Other times, it's more subtle, like feeling a bit under the weather or having this nagging fatigue that just won't quit.


Now, once you've figured that you could use a boost (and let me tell you, that realization is a game-changer!), the process for getting mobile IV therapy in Vancouver is pretty straightforward, or at least, it should be. You don't need to go to a clinic or hospital, which is the beauty of mobile therapy - it comes to you!


The first step is usually to do a bit of research, find a reputable service - you know, one with good reviews and qualified staff. Once you've picked one, you give them a ring or shoot them a message. They'll probably ask you a few health-related questions, just to make sure you're a good candidate for the treatment. Safety first, right?


After that, you'll schedule an appointment. These mobile IV companies are quite accommodating, so they'll work around your timetable. When the day comes, a healthcare professional - a nurse or paramedic, typically - will come to your place with all the gear. They'll set everything up, make sure you're comfy, and then, the magic happens: IV therapy, right in your living room!


You just sit back, relax, and let those vitamins, minerals, or whatever else you need, flow into your system. It's all pretty chill, and before you know it, they're done and packing up. Rehydration therapy And voila, you're on your way to feeling better!


So there you have it - that's the lowdown on getting mobile IV therapy in Vancouver. Just remember, it's important to listen to what your body's telling you (don't ignore those little signs!), and when you decide to go for it, make sure you're going with pros. Stay safe and hydrated, folks!

Choosing a Reputable Mobile IV Service Provider


When you're feeling under the weather or just in need of a quick wellness boost, mobile IV therapy can be a real game-changer, especially in

Scheduling an Appointment for Mobile IV Therapy


Scheduling an appointment for Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver is a straightforward process, albeit one that requires attention to detail. First off, you gotta find a reputable provider-look for reviews or ask for recommendations (cuz you don't wanna end up with just any random service, right?). Once you've locked down a trusted provider, you typically contact them via phone or their website. Some providers even have convenient apps these days!


Now, when you're reaching out, you'll be asked about your health history and what you're looking to achieve with the therapy. Are you looking to boost your energy, recover from a hangover, or maybe you're in need of hydration after a strenuous workout? They need to know, so they can tailor the treatment to your needs.


Then comes the scheduling part. Mobile IV therapy clinic You'll agree on a time and place that suits you. It's the beauty of mobile services – they come to you, so you can be at home, at the office, or any location where you feel comfortable. No need to fight traffic or sit in a waiting room!


The day of your appointment, a healthcare professional – usually a nurse – will arrive with all the equipment needed for your IV therapy. Before they start, they'll double-check your medical history and make sure everything's still accurate. Wellness IV therapy Safety first, right?


Once they get the all-clear, they'll insert the IV and begin the therapy. This is where you sit back and relax! The entire session might take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour, depending on what concoction you're getting.


Oh, and don't worry if you're a bit squeamish about needles.

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - Mobile IV therapy clinic

  1. Glutathione IV
  2. Vitamin infusion therapy
  3. Mobile wellness IV
  4. Mobile hydration
  5. Vitamin IV therapy
  6. IV therapy for colds
  7. IV infusion mobile
  8. IV drip therapy
  9. IV vitamin boost
  10. Mobile IV nurses
  11. IV migraine therapy
  12. IV hydration therapy mobile
  13. Mobile IV health
  14. IV hydration home service
  15. IV vitamin therapy professionals
  16. Rapid hydration therapy
  17. In-home IV therapy
  18. IV hydration therapy
  19. IV nutrient therapy
The pros are super skilled at making it a smooth and comfortable experience (you'll hardly even notice it's happening!).


After the treatment, the provider will usually give you some aftercare instructions – make sure to follow them, okay?

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - Mobile IV therapy clinic

  1. IV therapy service providers
  2. IV immune boost
  3. IV drip mobile services
  4. Mobile IV rehydration
  5. IV therapy for dehydration
  6. In-home IV wellness
  7. IV therapy mobile clinic
  8. IV hydration mobile service
  9. IV therapy services
  10. IV therapy mobile
  11. IV wellness services
  12. Home IV vitamin drip
  13. IV vitamin infusion
  14. On-site IV therapy
  15. IV nutrient infusion
  16. IV energy boost
  17. Immune support IV
  18. IV therapy for wellness
And that's it! You've just received your mobile IV therapy. Wasn't that easy!?


Just remember, while mobile IV therapy can be convenient and beneficial, it's not a substitute for proper medical care when you're seriously ill. And if something doesn't feel right during or after the session, don't hesitate to contact the provider or seek medical advice.


In conclusion, from finding a service to post-treatment care, getting mobile IV therapy in Vancouver is a hassle-free experience designed to fit into your busy lifestyle. It's as simple as picking up the phone and setting a time. Just make sure to do your due diligence before diving in, and you'll be set for a great experience!

Consultation and Customization of IV Therapy Treatment


When it comes to receiving mobile IV therapy in Vancouver, the process is quite straightforward, yet it involves some critical steps to ensure that each individual's needs are properly addressed. First off, consultation and customization play a pivotal role in the entire experience. You wouldn't want a one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to your health, now would you?


So, here's how it typically goes down: initially, you reach out to a mobile IV therapy provider, and they set you up for a consultation. This isn't your average chit-chat; it's a thorough discussion about your health history, current concerns, and wellness goals (you know, the whole shebang!). IV hangover treatment The medical professional-often a nurse or a naturopathic doctor-will ask a bunch of questions to get a clear picture of what you're dealing with. It's not just about ticking boxes; they really wanna understand what's up with you.


Next, comes the customization part-oh boy, this is where it gets exciting! Based on the information you've provided, they'll suggest a concoction of vitamins, minerals, and fluids that's tailor-made for you (I mean, how cool is that?).

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - IV therapy professionals

  • Mobile recovery IV
  • At-home IV infusion
  • IV drip services
  • IV therapy consultation
  • IV therapy providers
  • IV drip treatment
  • IV vitamin drip therapy
  • Mobile vitamin therapy
  • IV therapy services
  • Mobile IV treatment
  • IV hangover treatment
  • IV detox therapy
  • Wellness IV therapy
  • Rehydration therapy
  • Mobile IV therapy clinic
  • IV therapy professionals
  • IV therapy services at home
  • Mobile IV wellness
  • Mobile IV hangover cure
  • IV therapy for stress
They'll explain why each component is recommended and how it's supposed to help you. Of course, you've got a say in this too; after all, it's your body we're talking about!


Now, for the actual mobile part-this is where the magic of convenience comes in.

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - IV drip services

  1. Mobile IV therapy clinic
  2. IV therapy professionals
  3. IV therapy services at home
  4. Mobile IV wellness
  5. Mobile IV hangover cure
  6. IV therapy for stress
  7. Glutathione IV
  8. Vitamin infusion therapy
  9. Mobile wellness IV
  10. Mobile hydration
  11. Vitamin IV therapy
  12. IV therapy for colds
  13. IV infusion mobile
  14. IV drip therapy
  15. IV vitamin boost
  16. Mobile IV nurses
  17. IV migraine therapy
  18. IV hydration therapy mobile
  19. Mobile IV health
  20. IV hydration home service
Once your personalized IV therapy cocktail is all set, a professional will come to your place. No need to trudge to a clinic or sit in traffic (ain't nobody got time for that!). Whether you're at home, in your office, or even at a hotel room, they've got you covered.


The appointment itself is a breeze (well, mostly). The professional administers the IV, and you just sit back and relax. Some folks read a book, others watch a bit of Netflix-whatever floats your boat, really. And before you know it, you're all done! The whole shebang usually takes about an hour, give or take.


But don't think the care ends as soon as the needle's out!

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - IV vitamin drip therapy

  • Mobile IV infusion services
  • IV therapy service providers
  • IV immune boost
  • IV drip mobile services
  • Mobile IV rehydration
  • IV therapy for dehydration
  • In-home IV wellness
  • IV therapy mobile clinic
  • IV hydration mobile service
  • IV therapy services
  • IV therapy mobile
  • IV wellness services
  • Home IV vitamin drip
  • IV vitamin infusion
  • On-site IV therapy
  • IV nutrient infusion
  • IV energy boost
  • Immune support IV
The provider will give you some post-care instructions to make sure you're feeling tip-top (hydration is key, folks!). Plus, they're just a call away if you've got any concerns afterward.


So there you have it, a somewhat quirky look at the process of getting mobile IV therapy in Vancouver. It's personal, it's convenient, and it's tailored to what you need-talk about getting the VIP treatment for your veins! And remember, while it might seem like a lot to take in, it's all in the name of keeping you hale and hearty. Now, isn't that something to shout about?!

Preparing for the Mobile IV Therapy Session


Preparing for a mobile IV therapy session in Vancouver is a fuss-free process, but it's essential to get it right to ensure the experience is as smooth and beneficial as possible! IV detox therapy First things first, you'll need to schedule an appointment with a reputable mobile IV therapy provider. It's not like you can just show up at a clinic - because, well, the clinic comes to you.


Once you've got your appointment locked in, they'll usually ask you about your medical history. It's super important to be honest here (no one's judging, we promise), especially about any conditions or medications that might not play nice with IV therapy.


Now, here's a little tip: on the day of your session, make sure you're well-hydrated. It might sound a bit ironic, drinking water before getting hydrated through an IV, but trust me, it makes inserting the IV a whole lot easier. Your veins will be more cooperative, and that's a win for everyone involved.


You'll also wanna wear comfy clothes - we're talking loungewear-level comfy. Remember, you'll be sitting still for a bit while the IV does its thing, so tight jeans are a no-go. Oh, and if you're someone who gets a bit chilly, throw on an extra layer or keep a blanket handy (some providers might even bring one for you).


And hey, don't forget to clear a space for the nurse or practitioner to set up their equipment. They won't need a lot, but a little room to maneuver can go a long way. A clean, well-lit area should do the trick.


Lastly, if you're feeling nervous, it's okay to say so! The professionals are used to it and they've got ways to help you relax. So take a deep breath, and get ready to feel rejuvenated - you're taking a step towards better health, and that's something to be excited about!

The Mobile IV Therapy Experience: What to Expect


Embarking on the mobile IV therapy experience in Vancouver can be quite the adventure! It's a unique service that brings the benefits of intravenous treatments right to your doorstep (or wherever you might find yourself needing a boost). So, what can you expect from this process? Let's dive in.


Firstly, you'll need to do a bit of research. Find a reputable mobile IV therapy provider; there's a good number of them in Vancouver, each offering various concoctions tailored to different wellness needs.

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - Mobile IV treatment

  1. Immune support IV
  2. IV therapy for wellness
  3. IV therapy home service
  4. IV infusion therapy
  5. Anti-aging IV therapy
  6. IV therapy for flu
  7. Hydration IV drip
  8. Intravenous therapy
  9. IV fluid therapy
  10. IV therapy packages
  11. Mobile IV treatment
  12. IV hangover treatment
  13. IV detox therapy
  14. Wellness IV therapy
  15. Rehydration therapy
IV drip services Once you've chosen one, you'll usually start by booking an appointment. This can often be done online or over the phone - super convenient, isn't it?


Next, you'll have a consultation, often through a call or a form you fill out. It's where you discuss your needs and medical history with a healthcare professional. They'll ensure that IV therapy is safe for you and decide which vitamin cocktail will do the trick. It's important to be honest here (no cutting corners!), as your safety is the top priority.


The day of your appointment arrives, and so does a nurse or a paramedic - right on time. They come with all the equipment needed: IV bags, tubing, needles, and so on. You don't have to lift a finger! Well, except maybe to show them where you'd like to have the therapy.


The actual process of receiving the IV is quite straightforward. You'll be asked to relax in a comfortable spot while the healthcare professional disinfects the chosen area (usually your arm) and inserts the needle. IV vitamin drip therapy Some people get nervous here, but it's usually just a quick pinch - nothing to worry about!


As the IV drip begins to work its magic, you might feel a cold sensation flowing through your vein. Mobile vitamin therapy The whole session can take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour, depending on the treatment. It's a good idea to have a book or some music handy to pass the time (or you could just take a lovely nap).


After the treatment, the needle is removed, and you're good to go. It's normal to feel a burst of energy or a sense of calm, depending on the type of treatment you received. But remember, you shouldn't expect miracles right away; sometimes it takes a few sessions to really notice the benefits.


And here's a little tip: keep hydrated before and after the therapy to help your body make the most of those nutrients. Oh, and don't be surprised if you need to use the loo more often - that's just the fluids doing their thing!


In conclusion, mobile IV therapy in Vancouver is a breeze - convenient, professional, and tailored to your needs. Just remember to choose a trusted provider, communicate openly during your consultation, and relax during the treatment. And of course, enjoy the boost of wellness that comes after!

Aftercare and Follow-up for Mobile IV Therapy Sessions


Well, after you've gone through the convenience of getting your IV therapy right in the comfort of your own home in Vancouver, there's this pretty crucial part that comes next – it's the aftercare and follow-up! You know, making sure everything's ticking along nicely after the mobile IV team has packed up and left.


So, here's what happens. Firstly, the professionals who drop by for the session, they'll give you a run-down on what to do post-treatment.

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - IV detox therapy

  • Mobile IV wellness
  • Mobile IV hangover cure
  • IV therapy for stress
  • Glutathione IV
  • Vitamin infusion therapy
  • Mobile wellness IV
  • Mobile hydration
  • Vitamin IV therapy
  • IV therapy for colds
  • IV infusion mobile
  • IV drip therapy
  • IV vitamin boost
  • Mobile IV nurses
  • IV migraine therapy
  • IV hydration therapy mobile
  • Mobile IV health
  • IV hydration home service
  • IV vitamin therapy professionals
Don't worry; it's nothing too complicated, but you gotta pay attention, right? They'll tell you to keep the injection site clean and dry (that's a given!), and probably to avoid any strenuous activities for a little bit. Oh, and they might suggest you drink plenty of fluids – I mean, it makes sense, considering you just had a bunch of them pumped into you!


Now, here's a thing (and this is important!), if you start feeling a bit off after they've gone – which, let's be honest, shouldn't happen, but hey, we're all human – you're not left in the dark. No siree! The mobile IV service usually has a number you can call, just in case you've got questions or, heaven forbid, something feels wrong.


The follow-up, oh, that's another story. They don't just forget about you once the drip's done! Nah, you might get a call or an email a day or two later, just checking in to see how you're doing. It's like a virtual pat on the back, making sure you're feeling all the benefits of the therapy and not dealing with any negatives.


And if you're thinking about making this a regular thing, they'll chat with you about how often you can have treatments. Because, you know, balance is key – too much of a good thing and all that jazz.


So, in short, aftercare and follow-up for mobile IV therapy in Vancouver – it's like the safety net that catches you after the trapeze act! They make sure you're good to go until your next flying leap (or drip, in this case!).

What is the Process for Receiving Mobile IV Therapy in Vancouver? - IV drip treatment

  1. IV therapy home service
  2. IV infusion therapy
  3. Anti-aging IV therapy
  4. IV therapy for flu
  5. Hydration IV drip
  6. Intravenous therapy
  7. IV fluid therapy
  8. IV therapy packages
  9. IV drip treatment
  10. IV vitamin drip therapy
  11. Mobile vitamin therapy
  12. IV therapy services
  13. Mobile IV treatment
  14. IV hangover treatment
  15. IV detox therapy
  16. Wellness IV therapy
  17. Rehydration therapy
  18. Mobile IV therapy clinic
  19. IV therapy professionals
  20. IV therapy services at home
And remember, if something doesn't feel right, don't just sit there and stew about it – give 'em a ring, pronto!

Mobile wellness in Vancouver

Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada: 49.3 percent of its residents are not native English speakers, 47.8 percent are native speakers of neither English nor French, and 54.5 percent of residents belong to visible minority groups. It has been consistently ranked one of the most livable cities in Canada and in the world. In terms of housing affordability, Vancouver is also one of the most expensive cities in Canada and in the world. Vancouver plans to become the greenest city in the world. Vancouverism is the city's urban planning design philosophy.

Citations and other links

 

 

Intravenous therapy
Photo of a person being administered fluid through an intravenous line or cannula in the arm
A person receiving a medication through an intravenous line (cannula)
Other names IV therapy, iv therapy
ICD-9-CM 38.93
MeSH D007262

Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth. It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use.

The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some recreational drugs. Many therapies are administered as a "bolus" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended infusion or drip. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a syringe or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a cannula which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line.

IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion.

Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed phlebitis) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects.

Uses

[edit]

Medical uses

[edit]
Photograph of an intravenous line inserted in the wrist.
Photograph of two intravenous solution bags hanging from a pole.
Left: A person receiving fluids through an intravenous line in the wrist. Right: IV bags on a pole connected to IV lines.

Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of first-pass metabolism in the liver. Substances that may be infused intravenously include volume expanders, blood-based products, blood substitutes, medications and nutrition.

Fluid solutions

[edit]

Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of volume expander: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin. Blood itself is considered a colloid.[1]

The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is normal saline, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is isotonic with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as Ringer's lactate) and the closely related Ringer's acetate, are mildly hypotonic solutions often used in those who have significant burns. Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution.[2] Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.[2]

Buffer solutions which are used to correct acidosis or alkalosis are also administered through intravenous access. Lactated Ringer's solution used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is sodium bicarbonate.[3]

Medication and treatment

[edit]
Photograph of two intravenous solution bags (containing glucose and levofloxacin, respectively) and a paper log sheet hanging from a pole
Saline and 5% dextrose solution (left), levofloxacin 750mg (right), and log sheet hanging from an IV pole

Medications may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or dextrose solutions.[4] Compared with other routes of administration, such as oral medications, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body.[5] For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage.[6] In atrial fibrillation, IV amiodarone may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm.[7] IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with vancomycin, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood.[8]

The bioavailability of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream.[4] For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other routes of administration,[9] such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery.[10] The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with furosemide.[11] Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy.[12]

Some medications, such as aprepitant, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a prodrug such as fosaprepitant. This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into the active form.[13]

Blood products

[edit]

A blood product (or blood-based product) is any component of blood which is collected from a donor for use in a blood transfusion.[14] Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. Early blood transfusions consisted of whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate.[15]

Nutrition

[edit]
This patient of an intensive care unit of a German hospital could not eat due to a prior surgical operation of the abdominal region which was complicated by a severe sepsis. He received antibiotics, parenteral nutrition and pain killers via automated injection employing syringe drivers (background, right).

Parenteral nutrition is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by eating and digesting food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain salts, dextrose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition).[16]

Imaging

[edit]

Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a contrast agent into a vein.[17] The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the circulation to the imaging site.[18]

Other uses

[edit]

Use in sports

[edit]

IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes.[19] The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption.[19] The United States Anti-Doping Agency notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change blood test results (such as hematocrit where EPO or blood doping is being used), mask urine test results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test".[19] Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer Samir Nasri in 2017[20] and swimmer Ryan Lochte in 2018.[21]

Use for hangover treatment

[edit]

In the 1960s, John Myers developed the "Myers' cocktail", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a hangover cure and general wellness remedy.[22] The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008.[22] These clinics, whose target market was described by Elle as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers.[22] Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.[23]

Others

[edit]

In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs.[24] Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" [citation needed]), such as that which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight.[24] Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as heroin and fentanyl, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others.[25]

Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management.[26]

Types

[edit]

Bolus

[edit]

Some medications can be administered as a bolus dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port.[27] A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the course of a few minutes.[27] The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors.[27] In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.[27]

Infusion

[edit]

An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams.[28] Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels).[28] They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with furosemide.[29] Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin.[30]

Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as vancomycin[30] and many monoclonal antibodies.[31] These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome".[30]

Secondary

[edit]

Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback.[27] This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing.[27] If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered.[27] Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration.[27] Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.[27]

Methods and equipment

[edit]

Access

[edit]
IV infusion set (not yet in use)
A nurse inserting an 18-gauge IV needle with cannula
A needle for intravenous access should be inserted at an approximately 25-degree angle.

The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow needle through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered.[32]: 344–348  The type and location of venous access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.[33]

A peripheral cannula is the most common intravenous access method utilized in hospitals, pre-hospital care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the median cubital vein at the elbow. A tourniquet may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent extravasation. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a syringe or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a heplock or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.[32]: 349–354 

The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in Birmingham gauge or French gauge. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in emergency medicine. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines".[32]: 188–191, 349 

Peripheral lines

[edit]
An arm board is recommended for immobilizing the extremity for cannulation of the hand, the foot or the antecubital fossa in children.[34]

A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in peripheral veins, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely.[35] A peripheral line consists of a short catheter inserted through the skin into a peripheral vein. This is usually in the form of a cannula-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal trocar. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion.[32]: 344–348 

Labelled computer-drawn illustration of parts of an inserted non-tunneled central intravenous line
Illustration of a non-tunneled central venous access device
The central line kit (out of its packaging)

Central lines

[edit]

A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.[36]: 17–22 

Peripherally inserted central catheter

[edit]

A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.[37]: Ch.1, 5, 6 

Tunneled lines

[edit]
Photograph of an inserted Hickman line, which is a type of tunneled catheter, inserted in the chest.
A Hickman line, a type of tunneled catheter, inserted through the skin at the chest and tunneled to insert into the jugular vein in the throat.

A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein.[38] These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the Hickman line or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for hemodialysis in people with poor kidney function. [39]

Implantable ports

[edit]

An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.[40]

Infusions

[edit]

Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "Y-sites", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a drip chamber, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an air embolism), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution.[32]: 316–321, 344–348 

Photograph of a simple, single infusion IV pump
An infusion pump suitable for a single IV line

Alternatively, an infusion pump allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.[32]: 316–321, 344–348 

Techniques

[edit]

To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as EMLA or Ametop) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand.[32]: 344–348 

If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a blown vein or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes extravasation of the drug, which can lead to edema, causing pain and tissue damage, and even necrosis depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.[32]: 355–359 

Adverse effects

[edit]

Pain

[edit]

Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered medically invasive. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate dehydration with oral rehydration therapy which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line.[41][42] Children in emergency departments being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line.[41] Cold spray may decrease the pain of putting in an IV.[43]

Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes potassium, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation.[44] The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When vancomycin is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.[45]

Infection and inflammation

[edit]

As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococcus or Candida albicans may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection.[32]: 358, 373 

Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely.[46] If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.[47]

Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users,[48] and those undergoing chemotherapy,[49] whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.[50]

Infiltration and extravasation

[edit]

Infiltration occurs when a non-vesicant IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of hyaluronidase around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug.[51] Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy[52] and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or chemotherapeutic agent. In such cases, the infiltration is termed extravasation, and may cause necrosis.[53]

Others

[edit]

If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid, ventricular fibrillation may result.[54] Furthermore, if a solution which is not balanced in concentration is administered, a person's electrolytes may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.[55]

History

[edit]

Discovery and development

[edit]

The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when Pope Innocent VIII fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals.[56] If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope.[56] This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate.[57] One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.[58]

In 1656 Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed authorship to Wren.[59]

Richard Lower showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a xenotransfusion. He worked with Edmund King to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the Royal Society on 23 November 1667.[60] Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.

There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 Thomas Latta studied the use of IV fluid replacements for cholera treatment.[56][61] The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk.[56] In the 1830s, James Blundell, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery.[56] This predated the understanding of blood type, leading to unpredictable results.

Modern usage

[edit]

Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician Guido Baccelli in the late 1890s[62] and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and Justine Johnstone Wanger[63][64] but was not widely available until the 1950s.[65] There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a Murphy drip, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of hydrolyzed proteins and dextrose.[56] This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous fat emulsions and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.[56]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Noonpradej S, Akaraborworn O (3 August 2020). "Intravenous Fluid of Choice in Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review". Critical Care Research and Practice. 2020: 1–19. doi:10.1155/2020/2170828. PMC 7421038. PMID 32832150.
  2. ^ a b Martin GS. "An Update on Intravenous Fluids". Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  3. ^ Fujii T, Udy A, Licari E, Romero L, Bellomo R (June 2019). "Sodium bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis: A scoping and a systematic review". Journal of Critical Care. 51: 184–191. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.027. PMID 30852347. S2CID 73725286.
  4. ^ a b Flynn E (2007). "Pharmacokinetic Parameters". xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Elsevier. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0. ISBN 978-0-08-055232-3.
  5. ^ "What is an IV Vitamin Therapy? A Complete Guide by Nepenthe". Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  6. ^ Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J (July 2012). "A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 30 (6): 981–993. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.040. PMID 21908132.
  7. ^ Vardas PE, Kochiadakis GE (September 2003). "Amiodarone for the Restoration of Sinus Rhythm in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation". Cardiac Electrophysiology Review. 7 (3): 297–299. doi:10.1023/B:CEPR.0000012400.34597.00. PMID 14739732.
  8. ^ Álvarez R, López Cortés LE, Molina J, Cisneros JM, Pachón J (May 2016). "Optimizing the Clinical Use of Vancomycin". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60 (5): 2601–2609. doi:10.1128/AAC.03147-14. PMC 4862470. PMID 26856841. S2CID 9560849.
  9. ^ Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA (13 November 2015). "7.5". Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care. Victoria, BC: BCcampus.
  10. ^ "IV Fluids". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  11. ^ Boles Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD (1 May 1990). "Furosemide (Frusemide) A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Review (Part I)". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (5): 381–408. doi:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004. PMID 2185908. S2CID 32352501.
  12. ^ Wetzstein GA (March 2000). "Intravenous to oral (iv:po) anti-infective conversion therapy". Cancer Control. 7 (2): 170–6. doi:10.1177/107327480000700211. PMID 10783821.
  13. ^ Patel P, Leeder JS, Piquette-Miller M, Dupuis LL (October 2017). "Aprepitant and fosaprepitant drug interactions: a systematic review". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 83 (10): 2148–2162. doi:10.1111/bcp.13322. PMC 5595939. PMID 28470980.
  14. ^ "Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
  15. ^ Avery P, Morton S, Tucker H, Green L, Weaver A, Davenport R (June 2020). "Whole blood transfusion versus component therapy in adult trauma patients with acute major haemorrhage". Emergency Medicine Journal. 37 (6): 370–378. doi:10.1136/emermed-2019-209040. PMID 32376677. S2CID 218532376.
  16. ^ Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, Ritchie C (23 December 2016). "Chapter 35". In Edmonson KG, Davis KJ (eds.). Hazzard's geriatric medicine and gerontology (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-183345-5.
  17. ^ Runge VM, Ai T, Hao D, Hu X (December 2011). "The developmental history of the gadolinium chelates as intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance". Investigative Radiology. 46 (12): 807–16. doi:10.1097/RLI.0b013e318237913b. PMID 22094366. S2CID 8425664.
  18. ^ Rawson JV, Pelletier AL (1 September 2013). "When to Order a Contrast-Enhanced CT". American Family Physician. 88 (5): 312–6. PMID 24010394.
  19. ^ a b c "IV Infusion: Explanatory Note". U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). 5 January 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  20. ^ Press Association (1 August 2018). "Samir Nasri's doping ban extended from six to 18 months after appeal by Uefa". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  21. ^ Caron E (23 July 2018). "Ryan Lochte suspended 14 months for anti-doping violation". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  22. ^ a b c Hess A (23 April 2014). "The Party Girl Drip". Elle. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  23. ^ Flannery AH, Adkins DA, Cook AM (August 2016). "Unpeeling the Evidence for the Banana Bag: Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Management of Alcohol-Associated Vitamin and Electrolyte Deficiencies in the ICU". Critical Care Medicine. 44 (8): 1545–1552. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001659. PMID 27002274. S2CID 22431890.
  24. ^ a b Jiha Ham (March 20, 2015). "A Life Upended After an IV Glucose Treatment Popular Among Asian Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Although many doctors warn Asian immigrants in New York that the effects of injecting glucose differ little from drinking sugary water, many Asians, especially of older generations, still use the intravenous solution. In their homelands, it is commonly prescribed by doctors as a method to cure colds, fevers and sometimes an upset stomach.
  25. ^ Han Y, Yan W, Zheng Y, Khan MZ, Yuan K, Lu L (11 November 2019). "The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies". Translational Psychiatry. 9 (1): 282. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0. PMC 6848196. PMID 31712552.
  26. ^ Cooper E, Guillaumin J, Yaxley P, Her J, Young A (2022). Small Animal Fluid Therapy. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). doi:10.1079/9781789243406.0000. ISBN 978-1-78924-338-3. S2CID 251612116. ISBN 978-1-78924-339-0. ISBN 978-1-78924-340-6.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kanji S, Lam J, Johanson C, Singh A, Goddard R, Fairbairn J, Lloyd T, Monsour D, Kakal J (September 2010). "Systematic review of physical and chemical compatibility of commonly used medications administered by continuous infusion in intensive care units". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (9): 1890–1898. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e8adcc. PMID 20562698. S2CID 205539703.
  28. ^ a b Dhaese S, Heffernan A, Liu D, Abdul-Aziz MH, Stove V, Tam VH, Lipman J, Roberts JA, De Waele JJ (25 July 2020). "Prolonged Versus Intermittent Infusion of β-Lactam Antibiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Bacterial Killing in Preclinical Infection Models". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 59 (10): 1237–1250. doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00919-6. PMID 32710435. S2CID 220732187.
  29. ^ Chan JS, Kot TK, Ng M, Harky A (November 2019). "Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Boluses of Furosemide in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Cardiac Failure. 26 (9): 786–793. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.11.013. PMID 31730917. S2CID 208063606.
  30. ^ a b c Elbarbry F (June 2018). "Vancomycin Dosing and Monitoring: Critical Evaluation of the Current Practice". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 43 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1007/s13318-017-0456-4. PMID 29260505. S2CID 13071392.
  31. ^ Bylsma LC, Dean R, Lowe K, Sangaré L, Alexander DD, Fryzek JP (September 2019). "The incidence of infusion reactions associated with monoclonal antibody drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of patient and study characteristics". Cancer Medicine. 8 (12): 5800–5809. doi:10.1002/cam4.2413. PMC 6745824. PMID 31376243.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lippincott's nursing procedures (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009. ISBN 978-0781786898.
  33. ^ Raehl CL (July 1986). "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Clinical Pharmacy. 5 (7): 572–9. PMID 3527527.
  34. ^ Roberts JR, Hedges JR (2013). Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine E-Book (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 349. ISBN 9781455748594.
  35. ^ Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E (2005). "The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine". Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 56 (3): 271–82. PMID 16265830.
  36. ^ Marino PL (2014). "2. Central Venous Access". Marino's the ICU book (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: LWW. ISBN 978-1451121186.
  37. ^ Sandrucci S, Mussa B, eds. (5 July 2014). Peripherally inserted central venous catheters. Milan: Springer. ISBN 978-88-470-5665-7.
  38. ^ Agarwal AK, Haddad N, Boubes K (November 2019). "Avoiding problems in tunneled dialysis catheter placement". Seminars in Dialysis. 32 (6): 535–540. doi:10.1111/sdi.12845. PMID 31710156. S2CID 207955194.
  39. ^ Roca-Tey R (March 2016). "Permanent Arteriovenous Fistula or Catheter Dialysis for Heart Failure Patients". The Journal of Vascular Access. 17 (1_suppl): S23 – S29. doi:10.5301/jva.5000511. PMID 26951899. S2CID 44524962.
  40. ^ Li G, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zheng J (3 July 2019). "Arm port vs chest port: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Management and Research. 11: 6099–6112. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S205988. PMC 6613605. PMID 31308748. S2CID 196610436.
  41. ^ a b American College of Emergency Physicians, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Emergency Physicians, archived from the original on March 7, 2014, retrieved January 24, 2014
  42. ^ Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, Russell K, Klassen TP, Craig W (July 2006). "Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006 (3): CD004390. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004390.pub2. PMC 6532593. PMID 16856044.
  43. ^ Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR (April 2016). "Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4): CD009484. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2. PMC 8666144. PMID 27113639.
  44. ^ Heng SY, Yap RT, Tie J, McGrouther DA (April 2020). "Peripheral Vein Thrombophlebitis in the Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review of a Frequent and Important Problem". The American Journal of Medicine. 133 (4): 473–484.e3. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.054. PMID 31606488. S2CID 204545798.
  45. ^ Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL (February 2015). "The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 19 (4): 694–700. PMID 25753888.
  46. ^ Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, Marsh N (23 January 2019). "Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD007798. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007798.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6353131. PMID 30671926.
  47. ^ O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, Raad II, Randolph AG, Rupp ME, Saint S (May 2011). "Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (9): e162-93. doi:10.1093/cid/cir257. PMC 3106269. PMID 21460264.
  48. ^ Jaffe RB (July 1983). "Cardiac and vascular involvement in drug abuse". Seminars in Roentgenology. 18 (3): 207–212. doi:10.1016/0037-198x(83)90024-x. PMID 6137064.
  49. ^ Lv L, Zhang J (May 2020). "The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis". The Journal of Vascular Access. 21 (3): 342–349. doi:10.1177/1129729819877323. PMID 31547791. S2CID 202745746.
  50. ^ Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, McGrail M, Rickard CM (2018). "Phlebitis Signs and Symptoms With Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: Incidence and Correlation Study". Journal of Infusion Nursing. 41 (4): 260–263. doi:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288. PMID 29958263. S2CID 49613143.
  51. ^ Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH (June 2014). "Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications". Pharmacotherapy. 34 (6): 617–32. doi:10.1002/phar.1396. PMID 24420913. S2CID 25278254.
  52. ^ Schwamburger NT, Hancock RH, Chong CH, Hartup GR, Vandewalle KS (2012). "The rate of adverse events during IV conscious sedation". General Dentistry. 60 (5): e341-4. PMID 23032244.
  53. ^ Hadaway L (August 2007). "Infiltration and extravasation". The American Journal of Nursing. 107 (8): 64–72. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282299.03441.c7. PMID 17667395.
  54. ^ Campbell G, Alderson P, Smith AF, Warttig S (13 April 2015). "Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD009891. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009891.pub2. PMC 6769178. PMID 25866139.
  55. ^ Wang W (25 July 2015). "Tolerability of hypertonic injectables". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 490 (1–2): 308–15. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.069. PMID 26027488.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g Millam D (January 1996). "The history of intravenous therapy". Journal of Intravenous Nursing. 19 (1): 5–14. PMID 8708844.
  57. ^ Lindeboom GA (1954). "The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. IX (4): 455–459. doi:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.455. PMID 13212030.
  58. ^ Duffin J (2010). History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: University of Toronto Press. pp. 198–199. ISBN 9780802098252.
  59. ^ Jorge Dagnino; Wren, Boyle, and the Origins of Intravenous Injections and the Royal Society of London. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924 https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163
  60. ^ Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.
  61. ^ MacGillivray N (2009). "Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy". Journal of Infection Prevention. 10 (Suppl. 1): 3–6. doi:10.1177/1757177409342141.
  62. ^ See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database: https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/
  63. ^ Stanley A (1995). Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-8135-2197-8. Retrieved 2011-06-05. Wanger and colleagues had in effect invented the modern I.V.-drip method of drug delivery [...]
  64. ^ Hirschfeld S, Hyman HT, Wanger JJ (February 1931). "Influence of velocity on the response to intravenous injections". Archives of Internal Medicine. 47 (2): 259–287. doi:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007.
  65. ^ Geggel L (3 December 2012). "A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition". The New York Times.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, you can integrate ZipDrip's IV therapy into your current wellness or medical treatment plan. It's important to discuss it with your healthcare provider first to ensure it complements your existing health regimen safely.

Bad weather or extreme outdoor conditions might limit ZipDrip's mobile services. They'll ensure your safety first, so service might pause during severe weather. Always check ahead if you're unsure about your appointment's status.

Yes, you can integrate these IV services into your current wellness or healthcare plan, but it's best to consult your doctor first to ensure they complement your ongoing treatments and health objectives effectively.