Renovation Companies In Surrey BC

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC

Home layout redesign

You'll find that their testimonials reflect not just satisfaction but genuine appreciation for the work done. They're mindful of water conservation too, recommending fixtures that reduce water usage without sacrificing functionality. First, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Learn more about Renovation Companies In Surrey BC here They work closely with you, considering your preferences, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space to design and execute renovations that aren't only beautiful but also practical. It's not just about the before and after; it's about understanding the journey between.
Their team works closely with you from the get-go, incorporating your ideas and preferences into the design plan. It's the precision in our work that sets your property apart, ensuring every corner, joint, and finish reflects our dedication to excellence. This includes selecting materials, finalizing designs, and setting a project schedule that works for you. Alternatively, personal loans can fill the gap.
By leveraging their experience and resources, they're able to anticipate challenges and mitigate them before they become issues. Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. Safety and quality standards are our priority, ensuring a seamless transition from the old to your new, transformed space. Bedroom remodeling Understanding your financing options is crucial when planning your dream home renovation with Canyon Property Projects.
Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs. Home layout redesign They're keen on understanding your vision, so they'll ask for a detailed account of what you're envisioning. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their approach to project management is designed to put your concerns at ease and bring your vision to life. Sarah M. shares, 'Canyon Property transformed our outdated kitchen into a modern, energy-efficient space. Built-in storage solutions

Toilet installation

You'll see their impact in the parks they've revitalized and the public spaces they've enhanced, all part of their commitment to give back. Choosing Canyon Property for your renovation needs means investing in unparalleled expertise and quality, ensuring your Renovation Companies In Surrey BC home transformation is in the best hands. Their quotes are detailed and honest, reflecting a commitment to fairness and value. At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover?

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just renovate homes; they build dreams. Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner.

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  1. Financing options for renovation
  2. Aging-in-place renovations
  3. Electrical renovations
  4. Vanity replacement
  5. Surrey renovation project planning
  6. Painting and wall finishes
  7. Exterior painting
  8. Eco-friendly renovations
  9. Home renovation
  10. Surrey custom home upgrades
  11. Laundry room renovation
  12. Full-service renovation Surrey
  13. Foundation repair
  14. Open concept renovation
  15. Exterior home renovation
  16. Home energy audit
  17. Porch renovation
  18. Soaking tub installation
  19. Home remodeling consultation
  20. Basement waterproofing
In a market as competitive as Renovation Companies In Surrey BC's, standing out for the right reasons is crucial.

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  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Foundation repair
  • Open concept renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Porch renovation
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Home office renovation
  • Accessible home design
  • Sunroom addition
  • Backsplash installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home improvement services
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Local home renovators Surrey


It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. They're flexible, ready to adjust plans as new ideas come to light or challenges arise. It's all about making sure you're comfortable and confident with the plan before any work begins. If you're looking to expand your living space, we also handle extensions and loft conversions, providing that much-needed extra room with seamless integration into your existing home layout.

We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality. Stay tuned to uncover the intricacies of their approach, which might just redefine your expectations for home renovation projects. This means you get a renovation that's not just beautiful and customized but also durable and long-lasting. You're not just getting a cookie-cutter solution; you're getting a bespoke design that's tailored to your lifestyle, your preferences, and your dreams.

Citations and other links

Best Home Improvement Renovation Companies In Surrey BC

You're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run. You're involved every step of the way, from the initial sketches to the final approval.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - House remodeling experts

  1. Accessible home design
  2. Sunroom addition
  3. Backsplash installation
  4. Staircase renovation
  5. Roofing and gutters
  6. Home improvement services
  7. Custom cabinetry
  8. Local home renovators Surrey
  9. Crown molding installation
  10. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  11. Modern home renovation Surrey
  12. Home addition services
  13. Best renovation experts Surrey
  14. Deck and patio remodeling
  15. Financing options for renovation
From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation.

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  1. Soundproofing renovation
  2. Toilet installation
  3. Structural renovation
  4. Accessible home design
  5. Sunroom addition
  6. Backsplash installation
  7. Staircase renovation
  8. Roofing and gutters
  9. Home improvement services
  10. Custom cabinetry
  11. Local home renovators Surrey
  12. Crown molding installation
  13. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  14. Modern home renovation Surrey
  15. Home addition services
  16. Best renovation experts Surrey
  17. Deck and patio remodeling


The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property. It's not just about delivering on time and budget; it's about adding value that you hadn't even considered. Their legacy is visible in every project they undertake, with each renovation or build designed to contribute positively to the community's fabric.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - Bedroom remodeling

  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Exterior painting
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Home renovation
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Foundation repair
  • Open concept renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Porch renovation
  • Soaking tub installation


Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. Let's explore together how Canyon Property Projects could be the missing piece in turning your property dreams into reality. This isn't a distant dream anymore; it's quickly becoming the norm.

Canyon Property doesn't just talk the talk; they walk the walk. At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that every homeowner has a unique dream for their space. Our skilled workers bring the design to life, using eco-friendly materials and methods throughout.

Best Home Improvement Renovation Companies In Surrey BC
Renovation Companies In Surrey BC Renovation and Remodeling Experts

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC Renovation and Remodeling Experts

From the outset, they're all ears, keen to grasp every detail of what you envision for your space. That's why we go the extra mile to minimize inconvenience, ensuring that the project progresses smoothly and efficiently. Opting for Canyon Property for your home renovation in Renovation Companies In Surrey BC ensures you're choosing a partner dedicated to transforming your vision into reality with unmatched precision and care. With Canyon Property, you're not just getting a service; you're partnering with experts who make your kitchen renovation experience seamless and enjoyable. Whole house renovation Bathroom renovation

Canyon Property manages every aspect of the renovation process, ensuring a seamless transition from old to new. By engaging in various community projects and events, Canyon Property Projects shows its commitment to the place they work and live in. It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Renovation Companies In Surrey BC looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - Bathroom renovation

  • Sunroom addition
  • Backsplash installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home improvement services
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Crown molding installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Home addition services
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Painting and wall finishes


Moreover, we leverage the latest technology to enhance our project management capabilities. It's all about making informed decisions that align with your values. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation.

Canyon Property Projects has recently broadened its array of services, promising to cater to a more diverse set of home renovation requirements. Understanding the busy lives of their clients, Canyon Property Projects operates with extended hours. Soundproofing renovation Throughout this phase, communication is key.

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So, when you choose Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're investing in a greener future. You'll find our services cater to a broad spectrum. Transforming your living areas into multifunctional spaces not only enhances your home's aesthetics but also maximizes its utility.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - Built-in storage solutions

  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Exterior painting
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Home renovation
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Foundation repair
  • Open concept renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Home energy audit
You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with a dedicated group of professionals who've spent years honing their craft.

Let's transform your home into a model of sustainability, showcasing that eco-friendly choices can coexist with sophisticated design and modern comfort. It's not just about a makeover; it's about creating a space that reflects your personality and meets your lifestyle needs. We're not just listening; we're imagining alongside you, pinpointing the exact textures, colors, and functionalities that will bring your vision to life.

From recycled wood for flooring to non-toxic paints, Canyon Property chooses products that minimize harm to the environment. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home renovation experience that's as unique as you are. When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient.

Lastly, their commitment to quality is unwavering. It allows them to assess the space, take measurements, and envisage your ideas in the physical environment. It's not just about meeting your expectations-it's about exceeding them.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC Affordable Remodeling Solutions
Renovation Companies In Surrey BC Interior and Exterior Renovation
Renovation Companies In Surrey BC Interior and Exterior Renovation

The renovation process with Canyon Property Projects isn't just a sequence of steps; it's a journey towards realizing the potential of your home, with expert guidance every step of the way. You'll work closely with professionals who understand how to translate your ideas into reality while also advising on the best materials and innovative solutions to meet your goals.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - Home insulation upgrades

  • Accessible home design
  • Sunroom addition
  • Backsplash installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home improvement services
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Crown molding installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Home addition services
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Financing options for renovation
This approach ensures you're not just getting the best in class service but also value for your hard-earned money. Jenny, who'd her entire home renovated, mentions, 'The attention to detail and the seamless integration of sustainable materials blew us away.
Our team's expertise means we're adept at navigating challenges that might stymie less experienced crews, turning potential obstacles into opportunities for innovation. We provide regular updates and are always available to answer your questions. We meticulously oversee every detail, ensuring the workmanship meets our exacting standards-and yours.
Together, they make up a powerhouse team at Canyon Property Projects, dedicated to turning your renovation dreams into a reality with an unmatched level of expertise, passion, and precision. Our team specializes in custom renovations, ensuring each project is tailored to meet your specific needs and preferences. They're keen on incorporating energy-saving features such as solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and LED lighting into their designs. Affordable home remodeling Surrey Read more about Renovation Companies In Surrey BC here
We're looking for anything that might affect the renovation, from structural issues to potential enhancements. At the heart of every stunning renovation is our unwavering commitment to high-quality craftsmanship. Your dream home is within reach, and they're here to guide you every step of the way.

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They're also keen on energy efficiency, installing LED lighting, high-efficiency heating systems, and double-glazed windows to keep your home warm in winter and cool in summer, slashing your energy bills and reducing your carbon footprint. For smaller projects or if you're in need of funds quickly, credit cards might be your go-to. This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft. Plus, their attention to detail is second to none. We're not satisfied until every element of your renovation meets our rigorous standards and exceeds your expectations.

Renovation Companies In Surrey BC - Affordable home remodeling Surrey

  1. Porch renovation
  2. Soaking tub installation
  3. Home remodeling consultation
  4. Basement waterproofing
  5. Fireplace remodeling
  6. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  7. Home office renovation
  8. Outdoor kitchen installation
  9. House remodeling experts
  10. Bathroom renovation
  11. Sustainable renovation materials
  12. Whole house renovation
  13. Bedroom remodeling
  14. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  15. Plumbing upgrades
  16. Home insulation upgrades
  17. Door installation
  18. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  19. Built-in storage solutions

Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your home renovation dreams a reality. You'll find that their use of reclaimed or recycled materials doesn't compromise on quality or aesthetics. It's these experiences that highlight the company's commitment to not only meet but surpass their clients' visions.
They'll upgrade your home's insulation, install energy-efficient windows, and even suggest smart home technologies that elevate your living experience. Plumbing upgrades It's this level of dedication that makes the renovation process as stress-free as possible for you. Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way. Home insulation upgrades Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget.
Our goal is to transform your home without the stress, turning what could be an overwhelming process into an exciting adventure. You're always just a call or click away from starting your home renovation journey. They're not just changing homes; they're redefining expectations, turning every project into a bespoke masterpiece that mirrors the dreams of its inhabitants. From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in.

Explore Renovation Companies In Surrey BC here
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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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