Surrey Residential Design Experts

Surrey Residential Design Experts

Surrey home renovation company

Her approach is collaborative, always keeping your vision at the forefront while introducing innovative design elements that push the boundaries of traditional home decor. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Canyon Property Projects does just that, with a commitment to excellence that's evident in every job they undertake. That's why they're committed to transforming your ideas into reality, ensuring that every corner of your home speaks to who you are. We don't stop at materials, though. Learn more about Surrey Residential Design Experts here With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're creating the space you've always dreamed of.
Lastly, overlooking the need for permits can lead to significant issues. Canyon Property Projects doesn't just renovate homes; they're building a community legacy that will stand the test of time. At Canyon Property, we've built our reputation on delivering high-quality home renovations tailored to each client's unique needs. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement.
This means your renovation can help protect the planet while also giving you a modern, eco-friendly home. For those who find weekdays challenging, they offer consultations on Saturdays by appointment. Sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs are also at the forefront of today's renovation trends. Our team doesn't just focus on the big picture; we're obsessed with the details.
Each photo in the gallery tells a story of collaboration, creativity, and craftsmanship. Energy efficiency upgrades are another new area we're passionate about. Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services. At Canyon Property Projects, we're not just about fresh coats of paint and new fixtures; we're about reimagining your living space with innovations that blend style, efficiency, and sustainability.

Interior painting

The interest rates are usually favorable, making it a popular choice. Meet our team of seasoned experts who bring your dream home renovations to life with unmatched skill and creativity. Let Canyon Property Projects guide you through a full-scale renovation that turns your current house into the dream home you've always wanted. Fortunately, contacting them is straightforward and customer-friendly.

Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Surrey Residential Design Experts as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to transparency. They've made it their mission to ensure that every renovation project they undertake is as unique as the individuals who live there.

Moreover, choosing them means supporting a local business that understands Surrey Residential Design Experts's unique character and building regulations. After exploring the potential transformations in our Before and After Gallery, you might wonder how to finance your own renovation project. But before you make any decisions, consider the testimonials from satisfied clients and how their experiences might mirror the outcome you're hoping for.

You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel. This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home.

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Another challenge is staying within budget.

Energy-efficient renovations

Citations and other links

Surrey Residential Design Experts Home Design Contractors

You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money. In the world of home renovations, finding a balance between expertise and innovation can often feel like a quest for a mythical creature, yet Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of reliability in Surrey Residential Design Experts, bringing a fresh perspective to traditional home makeover needs. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere. After this meeting, they'll provide a detailed proposal, outlining the scope of work, timelines, and estimated costs.

What really makes us stand out is our commitment to transparency and communication. These aren't just any workers; they're specialists in their fields, ensuring that whether you're updating a kitchen, transforming a bathroom, or adding an extension to your home, you're covered by the best in the business. Our renovation projects in Surrey Residential Design Experts have transformed numerous homes, showcasing the seamless blend of sustainability and style our clients love. Structural renovation

It's about transparency, communication, and collaboration. We're not just living in a more beautiful home, but a more environmentally conscious one too.'What stands out in these testimonials is the consistent mention of Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to their clients' visions and the planet's well-being. You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well.

They start by listening to you, understanding what you love, what you need, and what you've always dreamt your home could be. They ensure your kitchen not only looks beautiful but also enhances your home's overall flow and efficiency. In the ever-evolving landscape of home improvement, many have found a haven in Canyon Property Projects for their renovation needs in Surrey Residential Design Experts.

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Surrey Residential Design Experts Home Design Contractors
Whole House Renovation Surrey Residential Design Experts

Whole House Renovation Surrey Residential Design Experts

It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home. Budgets and timelines are treated with the utmost respect. With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience. Permit and code compliance Then, the actual renovation kicks off.
Following this, Canyon's experts will schedule a site visit to assess your space and better understand your renovation goals. It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating environments that enhance your daily life. Plus, their email is always open for inquiries, allowing you to get detailed information at your own pace.
Whether it's a kitchen that needs modernizing or a living room that requires a fresh look, they're equipped to bring your vision to life. This approach not only keeps your home organized but also allows for easy transitions between different uses of a space. When you embark on a renovation journey with them, you're not just getting a service; you're becoming part of a process that prioritizes your vision, comfort, and satisfaction above all else. Read more about Surrey Residential Design Experts here
Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. Porch renovation You'll have the opportunity to review and adjust this blueprint until it's exactly what you're looking for. Renovations can be daunting, but with the right team, you'll navigate these hurdles with ease.

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Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, a luxurious bathroom upgrade, or a full home renovation, we've got you covered. The process is straightforward and designed to ensure your experience is as seamless and stress-free as possible. You'll notice the difference this makes the moment you step into a space transformed by Canyon Property Projects. We install low-flow plumbing fixtures to reduce water usage without affecting performance.

Canyon Property isn't just renovating homes; they're redefining them with technology at the forefront. Open concept renovation Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions.

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From the initial concept to the final touches, our tailored design solutions are about making your home uniquely yours.

In essence, you've shown that building community trust isn't just a byproduct of doing business; it's a deliberate and integral part of how Canyon Property Projects operates. As someone keen on transforming your living space, you've likely experienced the overwhelming task of sifting through countless contractors, seeking those rare gems that promise both reliability and quality. Entertainment room renovation But it's not just about ticking boxes; it's about quality.

What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration. You'll notice kitchens that have been expanded and modernized, living spaces that have been reimagined for comfort and functionality, and exteriors that have been upgraded to enhance curb appeal and durability. Why settle for a one-size-fits-all approach when your home can reflect your personal style and needs through a tailored makeover?

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We source sustainable materials, such as bamboo flooring and recycled glass countertops, to minimize environmental impact without compromising on style or durability. Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of professionalism and innovation in the Surrey Residential Design Experts home renovation market. We'll also discuss your budget and timeline, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations from the get-go. But it's not just the visual impact that's remarkable.

They use cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly practices to reduce water waste and save you money in the long run. Home addition services Whether it's the intricate tile work that makes a bathroom feel like a spa retreat or the seamless flow they create in kitchen spaces, Canyon Property Projects stands out as a beacon of quality and innovation in Surrey Residential Design Experts's competitive market. Canyon Property transforms your kitchen into the heart of your home with expert remodeling services tailored to your style and needs.

Whether it's modernizing the living areas with state-of-the-art technology or turning your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, they've got the expertise to make it happen. Interior remodeling It's not just about a beautiful finish; it's about creating environments that inspire and function seamlessly. Whether you're looking for a sleek, modern kitchen, a spa-like bathroom retreat, or a complete home makeover, they're ready to deliver.

Stick around to uncover how their design process and client testimonials paint a picture of a home transformation journey that you won't want to miss out on. It's not uncommon for renovation projects to uncover additional needs that weren't initially anticipated. Closet renovations We also navigate the complexities of planning and permits, making the process as seamless as possible.

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This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Building on our commitment to unmatched service quality, Canyon Property Projects offers a wide array of renovation services to meet diverse needs and preferences. It's a quick way to get your foot in the door and lets them prepare for your initial consultation. First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website.
Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Surrey Residential Design Experts residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too. Reaching out to Canyon Property Projects is the first step towards transforming your home. Lastly, they're harnessing the power of AI to predict and solve potential issues before they arise, streamlining the renovation process.

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You're not just another project to them; you're a partner in the creative process. We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. Jumping into renovations without a detailed plan can lead to delays and cost overruns.
This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom. This isn't just about completing a project; it's about creating a space that feels like a true extension of you and your lifestyle. You'll find our services extend to the exterior of your home as well.

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
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Further reading

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