Unique Home Renovations Surrey

Unique Home Renovations Surrey

Aging-in-place renovations

You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands. Read more about Unique Home Renovations Surrey here You'll witness your ideas take shape through collaborative design sessions, where your input is pivotal. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Custom design-build services Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd means you're opting for a seamless blend of quality, reliability, and unmatched expertise. With a keen eye for detail and a relentless pursuit of perfection, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures every corner of your home is finished to the highest standard. Learn more about Unique Home Renovations Surrey here
Unlike the one-size-fits-all solutions you might find elsewhere, they dive deep into understanding what you envision for your home. Think solar tiles that blend with your roof while powering your home, or biophilic designs that bring nature indoors, improving air quality and your overall well-being. Our outdoor projects focus on drought-resistant landscaping, promoting a greener, more resilient outdoor space. Open concept renovation
Whether you're looking to update a single room or undertake a full-scale renovation, they work with you to find cost-effective solutions that meet your goals and financial parameters.

The feedback was overwhelming, with the owner pointing out how the house's value skyrocketed after the renovation. Emma, a recent client, added, 'Their communication throughout the process was outstanding. You're not just picking a service; you're opting for a seamless experience that values your time, investment, and trust. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are.

Unique Home Renovations Surrey - Surrey home renovation company

  1. Fireplace remodeling
  2. Custom design-build services
  3. Window replacement
  4. Eco-friendly renovations
  5. Project management
  6. Renovation contractors
  7. Kitchen renovation
  8. Crown molding installation
  9. Mudroom design
  10. Garage conversion
  11. Surrey heritage home restoration
  12. Open concept renovation
  13. Custom home remodeling
  14. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  15. Closet renovations
  16. Home remodeling consultation
  17. Entertainment room renovation
  18. Kitchen cabinet replacement


You've likely seen their signs dotting the lawns of the most picturesque neighborhoods, signaling a transformation underway from basic plumbing upgrades to full-scale renovations. Another homeowner, Mike, highlights the efficiency of the process. 'They completed our extension on time, without skimping on quality or sustainability,' he notes, emphasizing the rarity of finding such dedication. They use only the finest materials and the latest techniques to ensure your renovation stands the test of time.

You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. One homeowner couldn't believe the transformation, saying, 'Canyon Property Projects turned our outdated kitchen into a modern masterpiece. The owner, an avid cook, couldn't be happier, telling us it's changed the way they use their home.

The attention to detail is evident in every project, showcasing how personalized touches can truly make a space feel like home. You're benefiting from years of experience that span a wide range of renovation projects, big and small. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs.

Citations and other links

Affordable Home Redesign Unique Home Renovations Surrey

They've taken a hands-on approach to make a difference, whether it's by sponsoring local sports teams, participating in charity events, or offering their expertise to help with community-led improvement projects. But it doesn't stop at the interior. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. Moving beyond custom solutions, we also embrace innovative design approaches to elevate your home renovation project. We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle.

Choosing Canyon Property means opting for peace of mind, knowing your home is in capable hands. They focus on using eco-friendly materials that are both durable and sustainable. They'll work closely with you, listening to your ideas and incorporating them into the design, ensuring that the final result is as unique as you are. Garage conversion At the heart of every project, you'll discover that exceeding client expectations is more than a goal for Canyon Property Projects; it's a steadfast commitment.

Embarking on a home renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects starts with a simple, yet comprehensive consultation to understand your vision and needs. This means fewer delays, unexpected costs, and overall, a smoother experience for you. Renovation contractors In the end, Canyon Property Projects doesn't just manage projects-they deliver dreams. Lastly, government loans or grants could be available, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades.

At Canyon Property Projects Ltd, we bring unparalleled expertise to every home renovation project in Unique Home Renovations Surrey. We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations. Delving into the realm of plumbing mastery, Canyon Property Projects showcases a blend of innovation and skill that sets a new benchmark in the Unique Home Renovations Surrey market. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just stop at aesthetics and utility; they're also committed to using sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs, ensuring your kitchen makeover is as environmentally friendly as it's beautiful.

Fireplace remodeling
Affordable Home Redesign Unique Home Renovations Surrey
Unique Home Renovations Surrey Bathroom Contractors

Unique Home Renovations Surrey Bathroom Contractors

You've also made significant contributions to local causes and events, further embedding yourselves within the community fabric. You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us. Trust us to transform your home with custom solutions that blend beauty, functionality, and durability. Eco-friendly renovations First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation.

It's crucial for setting the project's direction and ensuring we're all on the same page. Transparency is key, so you'll never be left in the dark about the progress of your renovation. You'll receive a clear outline of the work to be done, materials needed, and a projected timeline.

Imagine a space where functionality meets personalized style, where every inch is optimized for your lifestyle. Our team of skilled professionals is equipped with the latest tools and techniques to deliver high-quality workmanship that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered.

Our approach is collaborative. Home addition services Your project manager will guide you through each choice, ensuring you're aware of the most sustainable options available. Plus, we're big on insulation.

Affordable Kitchen Renovation Unique Home Renovations Surrey

Instead, it adds a unique charm and story to your home, all while reducing waste. They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made. Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days. Energy efficiency upgrades are another key area we focus on. Aging-in-place renovations As we look ahead, the future of home renovation promises to revolutionize the way you live in your space, integrating cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices.

This ensures transparency and sets the foundation for a renovation journey that's as stress-free as possible. Leading our construction team is Jack Taylor, a master builder with a keen understanding of quality and sustainability. They don't just renovate spaces; they transform them into personalized sanctuaries that reflect who you are. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, we're with you every step of the way.

Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered. What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd. apart is their commitment to quality and attention to detail. From your cozy living room to the serene bedroom spaces, they've got you covered with comprehensive home renovations that breathe new life into your property. If you're contemplating embarking on a journey to revitalize your home, learning more about what sets Canyon Property Projects apart could be your first step towards a seamlessly executed dream renovation.

You can trust them to handle every detail with precision, from securing the necessary permits to coordinating with skilled tradespeople. Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life. Let's work together to transform your space into something extraordinary, with the peace of mind that comes from knowing your project is in the best hands. Having introduced our expert team, let's now explore how their skills converge in the realm of project management excellence to bring your renovation project to seamless fruition.

Affordable Kitchen Renovation Unique Home Renovations Surrey
Creative Home Renovation Solutions Unique Home Renovations Surrey
Creative Home Renovation Solutions Unique Home Renovations Surrey

By adopting these sustainable practices, they ensure your home renovation isn't only an investment in comfort and style but also in environmental sustainability. It's that easy to start transforming your home with Canyon Property Projects. You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability. You'll see homes that not only look better but also function more efficiently, saving you money and reducing your carbon footprint. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts.

We're here to navigate the complexities of sourcing the right components that embody your style and meet functional needs. Staircase renovation Understanding your unique lifestyle and personal taste, Canyon Property specializes in creating customized living spaces that perfectly align with your vision and needs. Building on our commitment to quality and tailored solutions, we've expanded our service offerings to meet even more of your home renovation needs. Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking.

We've embraced solar energy solutions, incorporating solar panels and eco-friendly lighting fixtures to decrease your carbon footprint.

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  1. Custom home remodeling
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At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag.

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  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Basement finishing
  • Porch renovation
  • Tile installation services
  • Home improvement services
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Home energy audit
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Project management
  • Renovation contractors
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Mudroom design
  • Garage conversion
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
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First, reach out to Canyon Property Projects through their website or give them a call.

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  1. Permit and code compliance
  2. Interior painting
  3. Smart home upgrades
  4. Painting and wall finishes
  5. Laminate flooring installation
  6. Basement finishing
  7. Porch renovation
  8. Tile installation services
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  11. Home energy audit
  12. Garage conversion
  13. Surrey heritage home restoration
  14. Open concept renovation
  15. Custom home remodeling
  16. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  17. Closet renovations
  18. Home remodeling consultation
  19. Entertainment room renovation
  20. Kitchen cabinet replacement
Project management As trends evolve and the future of home customization beckons, understanding the common mistakes to avoid becomes paramount.

This is where you'll share your vision, needs, and the budget you're working with. You'll find that smart storage solutions are a key focus, turning cluttered counters into sleek, usable spaces. You're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a collective of experts who've been handpicked for their specific skills. As we peel back the layers on what makes Canyon Property Projects the go-to choice for homeowners seeking to elevate their spaces, you'll find compelling reasons why their approach to customized living spaces and sustainable building practices not only meets but exceeds expectations.

Remodeling Experts in Unique Home Renovations Surrey

We pride ourselves on our ability to listen to your needs and translate them into reality, all while staying within your budget. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount.

Unique Home Renovations Surrey - Open concept renovation

  1. Interior remodeling
  2. Green home remodeling
  3. Exterior painting
  4. Wall removal services
  5. Fence and gate installation
  6. Soaking tub installation
  7. Laundry room renovation
  8. Toilet installation
  9. Electrical renovations
  10. Accessible home design
  11. Renovation cost estimates
  12. Door installation
  13. Energy-efficient renovations
  14. Permit and code compliance
  15. Interior painting
  16. Smart home upgrades
They're ready to listen, advise, and work with you to achieve your dream space. We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step.
Throughout the renovation, they keep you informed and involved, valuing your input and making adjustments as necessary to meet your expectations. By incorporating advanced insulation materials and high-efficiency HVAC systems, they're not only reducing your carbon footprint but also slashing your energy bills. Imagine integrating smart home technology that simplifies your daily routine or using eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics.
These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished. Our experience spans across all facets of home renovation, ensuring that your vision comes to life in ways that exceed your expectations.

Unique Home Renovations Surrey - Renovation contractors

  1. Exterior siding replacement
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  7. Drywall installation and repair
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  10. Exterior painting
  11. Wall removal services
  12. Fence and gate installation
  13. Soaking tub installation
  14. Laundry room renovation
  15. Toilet installation
  16. Electrical renovations
  17. Accessible home design
  18. Renovation cost estimates
  19. Door installation
  20. Energy-efficient renovations
You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager.
From digital blueprints to project tracking apps, we employ tools that allow for precise planning and execution. They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy. Surrey home renovation company When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your bathroom renovation, you're getting more than a simple makeover.

Explore Unique Home Renovations Surrey here
Remodeling Experts in Unique Home Renovations Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
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Further reading

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