Basement Improvement Surrey

Basement Improvement Surrey

Bathroom tile renovation

The renovation process with Canyon Property Projects isn't just a sequence of steps; it's a journey towards realizing the potential of your home, with expert guidance every step of the way. Your project manager will guide you through each choice, ensuring you're aware of the most sustainable options available. Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form. Learn more about Basement Improvement Surrey here When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your bathroom renovation, you're getting more than a simple makeover. They're not just overseers; they're your partners, dedicated to bringing your vision to life with precision and care.
This includes selecting materials, finalizing designs, and setting a project schedule that works for you. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. This commitment is at the heart of their service. This initial contact is your opportunity to discuss your vision, the scope of your project, and any specific requirements or challenges you foresee.
Whether it's a dream kitchen that caters to your culinary adventures, a bathroom that serves as a spa-like retreat, or a living room that perfectly balances style and comfort, custom renovations allow you to bring these visions to life. This means you're paying for the actual work and materials needed, without unnecessary markups or hidden fees that can often inflate renovation costs. It's clear they're not just building or renovating homes; they're crafting spaces that homeowners are proud to live in while also respecting the earth. Engaging with them on these platforms can also be a great way to start a conversation about your renovation needs.
Whether you're dreaming of a serene, spa-like bathroom retreat or a vibrant, open-plan kitchen that becomes the heart of your home, they've got the expertise to make it happen. For your convenience, Canyon Property Projects offers multiple ways to get in touch and flexible hours to fit your schedule. Our team employs advanced insulation techniques and energy-efficient windows to lower your home's energy consumption.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Sustainable renovation materials

  • Whole house renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Countertop installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Porch renovation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Home energy audit
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Entertainment room renovation
We're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only meets but surpasses environmental standards.

Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability. Canyon's portfolio of success stories isn't just built on the final product but also the journey there. Custom cabinetry In Basement Improvement Surrey, a wave of innovative home renovations is transforming how residents live, elevating both style and functionality to new heights. Choosing Canyon Property means opting for peace of mind, knowing your home is in capable hands.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Outdoor kitchen installation

  1. Interior remodeling
  2. Home insulation upgrades
  3. Living room renovation
  4. House remodeling experts
  5. Project management
  6. Laminate flooring installation
  7. Custom home remodeling
  8. Landscaping and hardscaping
  9. Wall removal services
  10. Outdoor kitchen installation
  11. Local home renovators Surrey
  12. Accessible home design
  13. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  14. Mudroom design
  15. Soaking tub installation
  16. Tile installation services
  17. Custom cabinetry
Next, they'll present you with a tailored plan that aligns with your budget and timeline.

They'll guide you through selecting eco-friendly materials and innovations, ensuring your new bathroom isn't only beautiful but also beneficial for the planet. Landscaping and hardscaping As you're contemplating transforming your space, it's essential to consider not only a team's history of success but also their capability to expand and adapt to new trends and demands. It's all about making sure you're comfortable and confident with the plan before any work begins. You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well.

They're not just changing homes; they're changing the way you live, one personalized space at a time. The future of home renovation is about creating spaces that reflect your lifestyle and values, with a nod towards sustainability and innovation. Your vision becomes our blueprint during our tailored design process, ensuring every detail reflects your personal style and needs. Their team is made up of artisans who pride themselves on their ability to transform any space into a masterpiece that reflects your unique style and personality.

Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or renovate your entire home, we've got the skills and experience to make it happen. Building on our commitment to unmatched service quality, Canyon Property Projects offers a wide array of renovation services to meet diverse needs and preferences. We're looking for anything that might affect the renovation, from structural issues to potential enhancements. This approach ensures you're not just getting the best in class service but also value for your hard-earned money.

Citations and other links

Basement Improvement Surrey Bathroom Renovation Experts

This collaborative process ensures the final outcome not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Laminate flooring installation

  • Lighting upgrades
  • Foundation repair
  • Residential remodeling
  • Window replacement
  • Garage conversion
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Whole house renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Countertop installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Porch renovation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life. It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come. Their comprehensive range of services, from initial design to the final touches, ensures that your vision for a dream home doesn't turn into a prolonged nightmare.

Another challenge is staying within budget. Mudroom design The Canyon Property difference lies in their commitment to tailoring every project to the individual homeowner, ensuring that no two renovations are alike. After exploring the potential transformations in our Before and After Gallery, you might wonder how to finance your own renovation project. Local home renovators Surrey Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless.

Canyon prides itself on keeping you informed and involved, making sure your renovation is tailored just for you.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Custom home remodeling

  1. Custom design-build services
  2. Attic renovation
  3. Structural renovation
  4. Full-service renovation Surrey
  5. Built-in storage solutions
  6. Surrey renovation project planning
  7. Home office renovation
  8. Basement suite construction
  9. Kitchen renovation
  10. Door installation
  11. Baseboard and trim renovation
  12. Home layout redesign
  13. Basement finishing
  14. Sunroom addition
  15. Plumbing upgrades
They've built a reputation for delivering top-notch results, all while ensuring the process is smooth and transparent. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll quickly realize why Canyon Property is the go-to choice for eco-conscious home renovations in Basement Improvement Surrey. They listen to your ideas, offering expert guidance to refine and enhance the plan.

Whether it's a kitchen makeover, a bathroom revamp, or an entire house transformation, they've got the skills to bring your dream to life. With each renovation, you're not just improving your living space; you're also enhancing your quality of life, making your home not just a place to live, but a place to thrive. If you're looking to expand your living space, we also handle extensions and loft conversions, providing that much-needed extra room with seamless integration into your existing home layout. You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with professionals who bring years of experience and a passion for excellence to every project.



Basement Improvement Surrey - Laminate flooring installation

  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Renovation contractors
  • Electrical renovations
  • Home renovation
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Staircase renovation
  • Garage renovation
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Interior painting
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Foundation repair
  • Residential remodeling
  • Window replacement
  • Garage conversion
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
Basement Improvement Surrey Bathroom Renovation Experts
Bathroom Renovation Basement Improvement Surrey

Bathroom Renovation Basement Improvement Surrey

We start by listening. We source sustainable materials, such as bamboo flooring and recycled glass countertops, to minimize environmental impact without compromising on style or durability. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project. It's the precision in our work that sets your property apart, ensuring every corner, joint, and finish reflects our dedication to excellence. Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch.

Canyon Property Projects has recently broadened its array of services, promising to cater to a more diverse set of home renovation requirements.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Home theater installation

  1. Interior painting
  2. Lighting upgrades
  3. Foundation repair
  4. Residential remodeling
  5. Window replacement
  6. Garage conversion
  7. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  8. Whole house renovation
  9. Home addition services
  10. Surrey custom home upgrades
  11. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  12. Countertop installation
  13. Toilet installation
  14. Fireplace remodeling
  15. Porch renovation
  16. Eco-friendly renovations
  17. Home energy audit
Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects. That's why we only use the finest materials and employ skilled artisans who are passionate about their craft. You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands.

Let these images inspire your next home project and imagine the possibilities. We can help you reduce your carbon footprint and save on energy bills by integrating smart home technology, upgrading insulation, and more. We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. Building on their plumbing expertise, Canyon Property Projects also excels in transforming bathrooms into modern sanctuaries.

They stand out in the crowded market for several compelling reasons. This open line ensures that any hiccups are swiftly addressed, keeping the project on track. We also understand the importance of personalization. Moreover, we understand that renovation can be disruptive.



Basement Improvement Surrey - Outdoor kitchen installation

  1. Exterior siding replacement
  2. Open concept renovation
  3. Laundry room renovation
  4. Aging-in-place renovations
  5. Flooring installation
  6. Bedroom remodeling
  7. Modern home renovation Surrey
  8. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  9. Renovation cost estimates
  10. Closet renovations
  11. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  12. Permit and code compliance
  13. Roofing and gutters
  14. Exterior painting
  15. Fence and gate installation

Home Renovation Planning Basement Improvement Surrey

These testimonials from delighted customers illustrate why Canyon Property Projects is a preferred choice for homeowners in Basement Improvement Surrey seeking reliable, high-quality renovation services. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount. Imagine stepping into a home so meticulously renovated that it feels like you've walked into a page from your favorite design magazine; this is the standard Canyon Property Projects Ltd is setting in Basement Improvement Surrey. Whether it's a kitchen that needs modernizing or a living room that requires a fresh look, they're equipped to bring your vision to life.

They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises. Ensure you understand the local regulations and obtain the necessary permits before starting any work. You'll start by sitting down with their team, where you're encouraged to share your ideas, preferences, and the dream look for your home.

We're committed to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations, ensuring that every detail, no matter how small, is perfect. At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that every homeowner has a unique dream for their space. You'll begin by reaching out to their team to express your interest in a home renovation or customization project.

Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. Our team doesn't just focus on the big picture; we're obsessed with the details. You'll notice kitchens that have been expanded and modernized, living spaces that have been reimagined for comfort and functionality, and exteriors that have been upgraded to enhance curb appeal and durability. Entryway remodeling

Home Renovation Planning Basement Improvement Surrey
Home Expansion and Additions Basement Improvement Surrey
Home Expansion and Additions Basement Improvement Surrey

Each photo tells a story of spaces reborn, highlighting our commitment to sustainable building practices and innovative design. Our project management ensures a seamless process, minimizing disruptions to your daily life. After ensuring your home renovation reflects your unique style, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Walk-in shower installation

  1. Bathroom tile renovation
  2. Entryway remodeling
  3. Walk-in shower installation
  4. Sustainable renovation materials
  5. Soundproofing renovation
  6. Home theater installation
  7. Laminate flooring installation
  8. Custom home remodeling
  9. Landscaping and hardscaping
  10. Wall removal services
  11. Outdoor kitchen installation
  12. Local home renovators Surrey
  13. Accessible home design
  14. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  15. Mudroom design
  16. Soaking tub installation
  17. Tile installation services
  18. Custom cabinetry
also prioritizes your complete satisfaction with the finished project. One key error is underestimating your budget. Outdoor kitchen installation Before a single tool is picked up, we sit down with you to understand your desires, needs, and the functionalities you envision for your space.
Secondly, Canyon prioritizes clear communication. Lastly, living through renovations can be stressful. We've embraced solar energy solutions, incorporating solar panels and eco-friendly lighting fixtures to decrease your carbon footprint. We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction.
Another homeowner, Mike, highlights the efficiency of the process. Read more about Basement Improvement Surrey here 'They completed our extension on time, without skimping on quality or sustainability,' he notes, emphasizing the rarity of finding such dedication. You're never in the dark about the status of your project. Their team of skilled professionals uses high-quality materials and pays meticulous attention to detail, guaranteeing that the finished product not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Canyon Property Projects Ltd tailors every design to fit your unique style and needs, ensuring your home renovation truly reflects who you are.
Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that every homeowner in Basement Improvement Surrey has unique tastes and lifestyle requirements. First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, their team transforms spaces while keeping you informed and involved at every turn.

Basement Improvement Surrey Home Renovation Specialists

Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. Soaking tub installation With Canyon Property, you're not just getting a service; you're partnering with experts who make your kitchen renovation experience seamless and enjoyable. Moving beyond custom solutions, we also embrace innovative design approaches to elevate your home renovation project. Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall.
Understanding the financial constraints and diverse needs of Basement Improvement Surrey homeowners, they've structured their pricing to be as competitive and transparent as possible.

Basement Improvement Surrey - Custom cabinetry

  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Custom design-build services
  • Attic renovation
  • Structural renovation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Home office renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Door installation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Basement finishing
  • Sunroom addition
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Interior remodeling
Our team works closely with you to ensure that every aspect of the renovation reflects your individuality and enhances your living space. We're not just building or renovating a space; we're bringing your dream home to life, and our project management expertise guarantees we'll do it right, on time, and within budget.
Our exterior renovation services, including landscaping, decking, and exterior painting, not only boost curb appeal but also add to your home's value. Affordable home remodeling Surrey You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us. They used sustainable materials and stayed on schedule and budget, a rarity in renovations. Walk-in shower installation
We pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and address any challenges swiftly, guaranteeing minimal disruption to your daily life. They're not just about renovating homes; they're about building a stronger, more connected community. You'll see a stunning array of homes that have gone from outdated or unremarkable to absolutely breathtaking.

Explore Basement Improvement Surrey here
Basement Improvement Surrey Home Renovation Specialists

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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