Surrey General Contractors

Surrey General Contractors

Home improvement services

You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics. Whether you're dreaming of an open-plan layout or a sophisticated entertainment area, they're equipped to bring those visions to reality. Learn more about Surrey General Contractors here You're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish. Landscaping and hardscaping Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. Sustainable renovation materials Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline.
We understand the importance of blending functionality with aesthetics, which is why we focus on both the big picture and the minute details of your renovation project.

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  3. Sustainable renovation materials
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  8. Smart home upgrades
  9. Porch renovation
  10. Flooring installation
  11. Closet renovations
  12. Financing options for renovation
  13. Attic renovation
  14. Toilet installation
  15. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
Why settle for a one-size-fits-all approach when your home can reflect your personal style and needs through a tailored makeover? We take pride in our transparency and communication. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. It's these experiences that highlight the company's commitment to not only meet but surpass their clients' visions.
This visit is crucial as it allows them to provide you with a more accurate estimate and timeline for your project, ensuring there are no surprises down the line. Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words. They're not just there to oversee the work; they're there to answer your questions, address your concerns, and adjust plans on the fly to accommodate any changes you might want to make. Our goal is to create spaces that aren't only visually stunning but also functionally advanced. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered. It's about creating environments that foster well-being and connect neighbors, turning individual houses into cohesive neighborhoods. Renovations can be daunting, but with the right team, you'll navigate these hurdles with ease.

But it's not all about the end product. From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation. Home theater installation Clients consistently highlight the team's communication, transparency, and ability to tackle unforeseen challenges with ease. 'They kept us in the loop every step of the way, making what could have been a stressful time, a truly enjoyable experience,' says another grateful homeowner.

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  • Sustainable renovation materials
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  • Sustainable renovation materials
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  • Sustainable renovation materials
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Moreover, choosing them means supporting a local business that understands Surrey General Contractors's unique character and building regulations.
And that's why you're not just building homes-you're helping to strengthen the community foundation. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. Best renovation experts Surrey At Canyon Property, we've built our reputation on delivering high-quality home renovations tailored to each client's unique needs.
Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. Our renovation projects in Surrey General Contractors have transformed numerous homes, showcasing the seamless blend of sustainability and style our clients love. You've got a vision, and we've got the roadmap to bring it to life. Read more about Surrey General Contractors here
You've got a vision for your space, and we're here to ensure the financial side doesn't hold you back. It allows them to assess the space, take measurements, and envisage your ideas in the physical environment.

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  • Closet renovations
We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step.

Citations and other links

Cost-Effective Home Upgrades Surrey General Contractors

As you click through the gallery, notice the attention to detail in each transformation. We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. This collaborative approach ensures that every detail of your renovation is a perfect match for your vision. It's not just beautiful; it's eco-conscious too!' she shared enthusiastically.

This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home. They're not just thinking about aesthetics; they're considering functionality, flow, and how each element of the design will enhance your daily life. That's what they're bringing to homes across Surrey General Contractors.

It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. They're not just renovations; they're transformations that enhance lives, proving you're making the right choice with Canyon Property Projects. You'll find our services extend to the exterior of your home as well.

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They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship. Smart home upgrades Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail. Energy efficiency upgrades are another key area we focus on.

Cost-Effective Home Upgrades Surrey General Contractors
Home Renovation Design Surrey General Contractors

Home Renovation Design Surrey General Contractors

Building on their innovative use of technology, Canyon Property also excels in project management, ensuring your renovation is completed on time and within budget. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, a luxurious bathroom upgrade, or a full home renovation, we've got you covered.

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  1. Financing options for renovation
  2. Attic renovation
  3. Toilet installation
  4. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  5. Landscaping and hardscaping
  6. Basement suite construction
  7. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  8. Home theater installation
  9. Roofing and gutters
  10. Countertop installation
  11. Best renovation experts Surrey
  12. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  13. Sustainable renovation materials
  14. Open concept renovation
  15. Laminate flooring installation
  16. Custom design-build services
  17. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  18. Financing options for renovation
  19. Attic renovation
With a keen eye for detail and a relentless pursuit of perfection, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures every corner of your home is finished to the highest standard.

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Home improvement ideas Surrey Their mastery in turning the ordinary into the extraordinary is not just about the skillful hands at work but also about building a trust within the community that their homes are more than structures; they're dreams being realized. Their quotes are detailed and honest, reflecting a commitment to fairness and value.

Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru. Every project undertaken by Canyon Property Projects exemplifies our commitment to delivering unmatched service quality, ensuring your renovation dreams become a reality with precision and care. That's why they're committed to transforming your ideas into reality, ensuring that every corner of your home speaks to who you are. We're not satisfied until every element of your renovation meets our rigorous standards and exceeds your expectations.

That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. In essence, they make sure your investment in your home pays off, both in terms of enjoyment and future resale value. Firstly, their team's expertise ensures your project is in capable hands. We understand that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personal style and a sanctuary for your family.

One common challenge is unexpected delays. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions. Our team specializes in custom renovations, ensuring each project is tailored to meet your specific needs and preferences.

Surrey General Contractors Home Renovation Experts Company

This level of customization means your home will grow and change with you, always providing the perfect backdrop to your life. You're not just another project to them; you're a partner in the creative process. Following this, Canyon's experts will schedule a site visit to assess your space and better understand your renovation goals. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource. Attic renovation

It's comforting to know our home is contributing to a greener planet.'These testimonials underscore the trust our clients place in us, not just for the quality of work but for our dedication to eco-friendly practices. As someone keen on transforming your living space, you've likely experienced the overwhelming task of sifting through countless contractors, seeking those rare gems that promise both reliability and quality. Sarah M., a recent client, couldn't stop praising the team. 'They transformed our kitchen while keeping sustainability at the forefront.

You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. They listen intently, ensuring every detail of what you envision is captured. Their team is a blend of seasoned professionals, each bringing a wealth of experience and a keen eye for detail to your project.

Communication is key. They're not just about knocking down walls or upgrading fixtures; they're about reimagining your living spaces to make them more versatile and functional. This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional.



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  1. Home improvement services
  2. Eco-friendly renovations
  3. Smart home upgrades
  4. Porch renovation
  5. Flooring installation
  6. Closet renovations
  7. Financing options for renovation
  8. Attic renovation
  9. Toilet installation
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. Landscaping and hardscaping
  12. Basement suite construction
  13. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  14. Home theater installation
  15. Roofing and gutters
  16. Countertop installation
Surrey General Contractors Home Renovation Experts Company
Home Makeover Services Experts Surrey General Contractors
Home Makeover Services Experts Surrey General Contractors

Jenny, who'd her entire home renovated, mentions, 'The attention to detail and the seamless integration of sustainable materials blew us away. They don't just change the aesthetics; they're redefining how personalized design solutions can significantly enhance your living experience. Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home. Now, you're not just getting the exceptional craftsmanship and personalized attention you've come to expect from us; you're also getting a wider array of services to transform your home into the haven you've always dreamed of. Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions.

They ensure your kitchen not only looks beautiful but also enhances your home's overall flow and efficiency. Behind every before and after photo is the story of a journey. Canyon Property Projects' team excels in expertly managing your renovation project, ensuring efficiency and quality from conception to completion. Whether you're looking for a modern makeover or a timeless design, we've got you covered.

Surrey General Contractors - Eco-friendly renovations

  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
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  • Home theater installation
  • Roofing and gutters
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  • Sustainable renovation materials
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  • Laminate flooring installation
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As you ponder the future of home renovation, consider how this company is transforming dreams into reality. When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery.

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  2. Roofing and gutters
  3. Countertop installation
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  11. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  12. Landscaping and hardscaping
  13. Basement suite construction
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  15. Home theater installation
  16. Roofing and gutters
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Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices. Investing in experienced contractors ensures the work is done right the first time, adhering to all regulations and standards.

From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in. We provide regular updates and are always available to answer your questions. Getting started with Canyon isn't just about kicking off a project; it's about laying the foundation for a trusted partnership. This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom.

Surrey General Contractors House Improvement Services

Their team of skilled artisans and craftsmen start transforming your space, while keeping you in the loop at every stage. You've probably heard tales of renovation projects that stretch on for months or contractors that vanish into thin air, but Canyon Property Projects promises to be a different story.

Surrey General Contractors - Closet renovations

  1. Toilet installation
  2. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  3. Landscaping and hardscaping
  4. Basement suite construction
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  6. Home theater installation
  7. Roofing and gutters
  8. Countertop installation
  9. Best renovation experts Surrey
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  11. Sustainable renovation materials
  12. Open concept renovation
  13. Laminate flooring installation
  14. Custom design-build services
  15. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  16. Attic renovation
  17. Toilet installation
  18. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  19. Landscaping and hardscaping
  20. Basement suite construction
At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. Deciding on Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation means choosing a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with excellence and precision. Not only do they handle the big picture projects, but they also take care of the finer details.
Canyon Property transforms your kitchen into the heart of your home with expert remodeling services tailored to your style and needs. We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget. For those who find weekdays challenging, they offer consultations on Saturdays by appointment. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. knows the importance of adaptability in today's homes and focuses on creating spaces that reflect this need.
We prioritize understanding your vision, ensuring the final outcome reflects your desires and lifestyle. When you choose us, you're not just getting a renovation service; you're partnering with a team that puts your satisfaction at the forefront of everything we do. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement.

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  • Countertop installation
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  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Custom design-build services
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Countertop installation
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  • Sustainable renovation materials
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  • Laminate flooring installation
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Delving into the realm of plumbing mastery, Canyon Property Projects showcases a blend of innovation and skill that sets a new benchmark in the Surrey General Contractors market.
Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or completely renovate your entire home, their team has the skills and experience to bring your vision to life. Lastly, their commitment to quality is unwavering. Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life. Understanding your unique style and functional needs, our team crafts personalized design solutions that transform your house into the home you've always imagined. Basement suite construction

Explore Surrey General Contractors here
Surrey General Contractors House Improvement Services

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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