Modern Home Renovations Surrey

Modern Home Renovations Surrey

Vanity replacement

Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality. Learn more about Modern Home Renovations Surrey here Next, Canyon's team will schedule a visit to your property. That's why we offer transparent pricing and realistic timelines from the outset. Plus, they're upfront about costs and timelines, so there are no surprises along the way. They don't require home equity and approval comes quickly, but they often carry higher interest rates.
After exploring comprehensive home renovations, let's now focus on how Canyon Property crafts a personalized design process for your project. At Canyon Property Projects, we know that a one-size-fits-all approach doesn't work for everyone. They listen carefully to your ideas and feedback throughout the process, adapting and evolving their approach to align with your changing needs and preferences. This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here.
Canyon Property Projects doesn't just renovate homes; they're building a community legacy that will stand the test of time. It's a testament to their belief that a successful business doesn't just thrive on profits but on the lasting, positive mark it leaves on the world around it. You'll receive a detailed breakdown of costs and a realistic project timeline, so you know exactly what to expect. We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches.
Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand. By integrating smart home systems, you're not just updating your space; you're enhancing your lifestyle. They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Surrey renovation project planning As we move into the construction phase, you're kept in the loop with regular updates and progress reports.

This way, we ensure the final outcome isn't just satisfactory but exceeds your expectations. They don't just follow trends; they set them. Your project could be their next success story, reflecting a perfect blend of aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. Firstly, we'll sit down with you for a thorough consultation.

You'll find our services cater to a broad spectrum. Exterior siding replacement The process is straightforward and designed to ensure your experience is as seamless and stress-free as possible. Drywall installation and repair Reaching out to Canyon Property Projects is the first step towards transforming your home.

Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Modern Home Renovations Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website. For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends.

Our goal is to make every inch of your home work for you, ensuring it meets your lifestyle needs while also adding value. Safety and quality standards are our priority, ensuring a seamless transition from the old to your new, transformed space. Emma, a recent client, added, 'Their communication throughout the process was outstanding.

Citations and other links

Home Refurbishment Modern Home Renovations Surrey

We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations. When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations. This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. Our approach includes recycling construction materials whenever possible, opting for sustainable wood and low-VOC paints. Diving into the realm of innovative solutions, we leverage cutting-edge technology and creative approaches to elevate your home renovation project beyond the ordinary.

You're standing at the threshold of transforming your living space into a reflection of your unique tastes and lifestyle needs. We pride ourselves on a meticulous approach to planning and execution. Smart homes are evolving beyond convenience, offering solutions that anticipate your needs before you even realize them. They understand that every detail matters to you, from the initial design to the final touches.

What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration. You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager. During this initial step, we'll dive deep into what you envision for your space, the scope of the renovation, and any specific requirements or challenges your property might present. Canyon Property doesn't just talk the talk; they walk the walk.

They're flexible, ready to adjust plans as new ideas come to light or challenges arise. Interior painting So, when you choose Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're investing in a greener future. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Our team at Canyon Property Projects doesn't just follow the latest trends; we're setting them.

Home Refurbishment Modern Home Renovations Surrey
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Modern Home Renovations Surrey Home Makeover Company

From the initial concept to the final touches, our tailored design solutions are about making your home uniquely yours. Every corner, every finish is meticulously crafted, guaranteeing that the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations. From custom cabinetry in the kitchen to intricately designed bathroom tiles, they're all about elevating your space to the next level. What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to transparency. Financing options for renovation At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm.

This step ensures no surprises pop up down the line. Another option is a personal loan. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-plan kitchen or a luxurious, spa-like bathroom, they've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. Plus, their attention to detail is second to none.

This approach builds trust and ensures that your project aligns with your expectations and budget. Our experience spans across all facets of home renovation, ensuring that your vision comes to life in ways that exceed your expectations. They're keen on understanding your vision, so they'll ask for a detailed account of what you're envisioning. From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function.

They've got a knack for seamlessly integrating tech solutions with hands-on expertise, which means you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a finely-tuned team dedicated to making your vision a reality without the usual stress. This option taps into the value you've already built in your home, offering you a potentially large sum to cover renovation costs. As you delve into what's current, you'll discover that smart home technology integration is no longer just a luxury; it's becoming a staple in modern living. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is pioneering these transformations in Modern Home Renovations Surrey, ensuring your kitchen isn't just a place to cook but a centerpiece for gatherings, creativity, and comfort.

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Once you've agreed on the details, they'll get to work creating a detailed plan. We're also keen on incorporating energy-efficient fixtures and appliances that save you money in the long run while protecting the environment. You can trust them to handle every detail with precision, from securing the necessary permits to coordinating with skilled tradespeople. If you've built up equity in your home, this can be a cost-effective way to borrow, often offering lower interest rates than personal loans or credit cards. Best renovation experts Surrey Understanding your unique style and preferences is at the heart of our personalized design approach, ensuring your renovation truly reflects who you are.

With Canyon Property Projects, overcoming these challenges is part of the journey to creating your dream home. We're over the moon with the results!'Another client, Mike D., highlighted the personalized approach. 'The team didn't just offer generic solutions. We're not just about making spaces look new; we're about creating environments that reflect your specific lifestyle and preferences. This depth of knowledge means they can tackle challenges creatively and efficiently.

Embarking on a home renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects starts with a simple, yet comprehensive consultation to understand your vision and needs. Once we've got all the details down, our team of experts crafts a tailored project plan.

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They kept us in the loop at every stage, ensuring our vision was realized sustainably.' It's clear that Canyon Property doesn't just deliver on their promises; they exceed expectations, marrying customer satisfaction with ecological integrity. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space.

They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. Our goal is to transform your home without the stress, turning what could be an overwhelming process into an exciting adventure. This form asks for basic information like your name, email, and details about your project. Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests.

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Exterior Home Renovation Modern Home Renovations Surrey
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Home Renovation Experts Near Me Modern Home Renovations Surrey

Let's explore together how Canyon Property Projects could be the missing piece in turning your property dreams into reality. Smart home upgrades They're keen on incorporating energy-saving features such as solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and LED lighting into their designs. Next, they'll conduct a thorough assessment of your property to understand its potential and limitations. We pride ourselves on our ability to listen to your needs and translate them into reality, all while staying within your budget. But it's not just about aesthetics.
Their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction set them apart. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation. Exploring the latest trends in home renovation can inspire you to customize your space with Canyon Property Projects. Through volunteer projects and partnerships with local organizations, Canyon Property Projects invests time and resources into initiatives that matter to you and your neighbors. Structural renovation
With Canyon Property, you're also getting transparency in every aspect of the project. With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. House remodeling experts You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out. Read more about Modern Home Renovations Surrey here
Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects' eco-friendly renovations firsthand. With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience.

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After reading the glowing testimonials, you might be wondering how to embark on your own renovation journey with Canyon Property. Sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs are also at the forefront of today's renovation trends.

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Each photo in the gallery tells a story of collaboration, creativity, and craftsmanship. Entertainment room renovation That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere. Canyon Property's renovation approach uniquely tailors each project to your specific needs, ensuring a personalized and efficient transformation of your space. He's not just about the big picture; Alex dives into the details, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and functional needs.

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You're not just another client; you're a partner in the creative process. Turning your dream home into a tangible reality starts with understanding the renovation process and setting clear, achievable goals. Their clear communication and professionalism made the entire process stress-free.'Daniel T. highlights, 'The attention to detail in our bathroom renovation was exceptional.
Unlike the one-size-fits-all solutions you might find elsewhere, they dive deep into understanding what you envision for your home. As the morning sun peeks through the misty landscapes of Modern Home Renovations Surrey, it illuminates not just the natural beauty of this region but also the expert craftsmanship of Canyon Property Projects, a name that's become synonymous with excellence in home improvements. It's a quick way to get your foot in the door and lets them prepare for your initial consultation.
Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation. You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel. Lighting upgrades Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices.

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
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  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
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Further reading

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