Surrey Residential Remodeling

Surrey Residential Remodeling

Structural renovation

We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Residential remodeling

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Home improvement services
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Mudroom design
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Garage renovation
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Foundation repair
Learn more about Surrey Residential Remodeling here This step is crucial to avoid legal problems and ensure your renovation meets all safety standards.



Surrey Residential Remodeling - Entryway remodeling

  1. Home improvement services
  2. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  3. Mudroom design
  4. Fence and gate installation
  5. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  6. Garage renovation
  7. Home insulation upgrades
  8. Surrey custom home upgrades
  9. Foundation repair
  10. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  11. Aging-in-place renovations
  12. Tile installation services
  13. Home office renovation
  14. Deck and patio remodeling
  15. Basement suite construction
Exterior home renovation Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here.

At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. Their expert project management and high-quality craftsmanship resonate well with both realtors and property owners. Whether you're dreaming of a modern minimalist kitchen, a luxurious bathroom retreat, or a cozy, multifunctional living area, we've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. Embarking on a renovation journey transforms your space from the familiar to the extraordinary, starting with a detailed plan that aligns with your vision. They're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver a kitchen that withstands the test of time.

We're talking about reclaimed wood that adds character to your space, low-VOC paints that keep the air quality in your home pristine, and energy-efficient lighting that cuts down on your utility bills. With Canyon Property Projects, your renovation project is an exciting journey to a space that's uniquely yours, imbued with personal touches that make it truly feel like home. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, sleek design or a cozy, traditional space, their team of professionals works closely with you to bring those visions to life. Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone.

From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're involved in every step, ensuring that our work aligns perfectly with your desires and specifications. Throughout this phase, communication is key. We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Home addition services

  1. Sustainable renovation materials
  2. Home remodeling consultation
  3. Drywall installation and repair
  4. Window replacement
  5. Plumbing upgrades
  6. Surrey heritage home restoration
  7. Painting and wall finishes
  8. Backsplash installation
  9. Financing options for renovation
  10. Bedroom remodeling
  11. Eco-friendly renovations
  12. Custom home remodeling
  13. Surrey renovation project planning
  14. Landscaping and hardscaping
  15. Garage conversion


It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that enhances your quality of life every single day. But what sets them apart isn't just their ability to renovate homes-it's their commitment to sustainable building practices and building a legacy within the community. Our skilled craftsmen are dedicated to quality, paying close attention to every detail, ensuring every aspect of the renovation exceeds your expectations. Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project.

Bathroom renovation

Citations and other links

Luxury Renovation Services Surrey Residential Remodeling

They'll upgrade your home's insulation, install energy-efficient windows, and even suggest smart home technologies that elevate your living experience. Whether you're dreaming of a sleek, modern design or a cozy, traditional feel, they've got the skills and resources to bring your vision to life. Moreover, we're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest techniques to guarantee that your renovation stands the test of time. At the heart of every project, you'll discover that exceeding client expectations is more than a goal for Canyon Property Projects; it's a steadfast commitment.

They're not just renovating your space; they're enhancing your home's value and functionality. It's not just about meeting your expectations-it's about exceeding them. Entryway remodeling But what really sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to quality and detail.

Understanding your project's unique demands, Canyon Property Projects implements a tailored project management approach to ensure your renovation dreams are realized efficiently and effectively. Garage conversion Lastly, expect a more personalized renovation experience, with services tailored to your specific desires and needs. In addition, the designs will focus on maximizing space and enhancing natural light, making your home feel more open and connected to the outdoors.

You're not just another project to us; you're a partner in creating the home of your dreams. They can install them. At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just apply a one-size-fits-all solution; we dive deep into what makes your space special to you.

Luxury Renovation Services Surrey Residential Remodeling
Home Improvement Services Surrey Residential Remodeling

Home Improvement Services Surrey Residential Remodeling

By leveraging their experience and resources, they're able to anticipate challenges and mitigate them before they become issues. Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space. They'll discuss your preferences, lifestyle, and any unique elements you want to incorporate. With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Entryway remodeling

  1. Structural renovation
  2. Walk-in shower installation
  3. Whole house renovation
  4. Built-in storage solutions
  5. Garage conversion
  6. Door installation
  7. Interior remodeling
  8. Entryway remodeling
  9. Residential remodeling
  10. Home layout redesign
  11. Bathroom renovation
  12. Living room renovation
  13. Home addition services
  14. Modern home renovation Surrey
  15. Exterior home renovation


That's why they're leading the charge in creating customized home renovations that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of your living space but also improve its functionality to suit your daily life. Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach. It's a solid option if you're looking for a straightforward, no-collateral-required solution.

We've committed to reducing waste, conserving energy, and utilizing renewable resources wherever possible. It's not just about the before and after; it's about understanding the journey between. They've mastered the art of plumbing, from simple repairs to complete system overhauls, ensuring your home's water systems operate flawlessly.

Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset. Moreover, integrating technology has never been more seamless. This isn't just about completing a project; it's about creating a space that feels like a true extension of you and your lifestyle.

Custom Interior and Exterior Renovation Surrey Residential Remodeling

Custom renovations offer a unique opportunity to tailor your home to your specific needs and preferences, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Canyon Property Projects does just that, with a commitment to excellence that's evident in every job they undertake. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who prioritize quality over quantity.

They've got a specialist for that. These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished. You won't have to juggle multiple contractors or worry about the coherence of the final result. Let's transform your home into a model of sustainability, showcasing that eco-friendly choices can coexist with sophisticated design and modern comfort. Interior remodeling

At Canyon Property Projects, we elevate your home renovation experience by offering unparalleled, personalized service that sets us apart in the industry. Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades. Home addition services After we've got all the details down, it's time to design. At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation.

Sustainability and personalization are set to take center stage.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Whole house renovation

  1. Bedroom remodeling
  2. Eco-friendly renovations
  3. Custom home remodeling
  4. Surrey renovation project planning
  5. Landscaping and hardscaping
  6. Exterior home renovation
  7. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  8. Baseboard and trim renovation
  9. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  10. Full-service renovation Surrey
  11. Best renovation experts Surrey
  12. Open concept renovation
  13. Porch renovation
  14. Laminate flooring installation
  15. Home improvement services
  16. Experienced renovation team Surrey
This revolution isn't just changing homes; it's changing lives. Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life. Lighting also plays a crucial role, with LED strips and under-cabinet options creating ambiance and enhancing functionality.

Custom Interior and Exterior Renovation Surrey Residential Remodeling
Home Renovation Contractors Surrey Residential Remodeling Services
Home Renovation Contractors Surrey Residential Remodeling Services

You'll find that their approach to sustainability isn't a one-size-fits-all. You'll appreciate the way they prioritize understanding your vision. With Canyon Property, you're not just renovating your house; you're creating a home that's tailor-made just for you. You'll find that smart storage solutions are a key focus, turning cluttered counters into sleek, usable spaces.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Walk-in shower installation

  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Mudroom design
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Garage renovation
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Foundation repair
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Tile installation services
  • Home office renovation
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Basement suite construction
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Renovation cost estimates
Let's transform your space into the home of your dreams, where every detail reflects your personal style and meets your everyday needs.
At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag. Our team's expertise means we're adept at navigating challenges that might stymie less experienced crews, turning potential obstacles into opportunities for innovation. Our team's meticulously planned approach means you won't be left guessing what's next. We use eco-friendly materials and methods that reduce waste, conserve energy, and minimize the carbon footprint of your renovation.
That's exactly what you get with Canyon Property Projects. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine. Read more about Surrey Residential Remodeling here We listen, suggest, and refine, ensuring the final design reflects your personality and meets your daily needs. This means your renovation can help protect the planet while also giving you a modern, eco-friendly home.
From architects and designers who sketch your dreams onto paper to the craftsmen and builders who turn those sketches into reality, every member plays a crucial role. You're benefiting from years of experience that span a wide range of renovation projects, big and small. You're not just updating your space; you're making a conscious decision to reduce your carbon footprint. Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes.



Surrey Residential Remodeling - Exterior home renovation

  1. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  2. Aging-in-place renovations
  3. Tile installation services
  4. Home office renovation
  5. Deck and patio remodeling
  6. Basement suite construction
  7. Basement waterproofing
  8. Renovation cost estimates
  9. Toilet installation
  10. Permit and code compliance
  11. Green home remodeling
  12. Soundproofing renovation
  13. Accessible home design
  14. Roofing and gutters
  15. Electrical renovations
  16. Kitchen cabinet replacement
Surrey Residential Remodeling Home Renovation Projects Company

Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days. By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards. They'll work with you to incorporate renewable energy solutions, like solar panels, into your design if that's your goal. We understand that your time and budget are precious.

Surrey Residential Remodeling - Exterior home renovation

  1. Basement waterproofing
  2. Renovation cost estimates
  3. Toilet installation
  4. Permit and code compliance
  5. Green home remodeling
  6. Soundproofing renovation
  7. Accessible home design
  8. Roofing and gutters
  9. Electrical renovations
  10. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  11. Sustainable renovation materials
  12. Home remodeling consultation
  13. Drywall installation and repair
  14. Window replacement
  15. Plumbing upgrades
  16. Surrey heritage home restoration
  17. Painting and wall finishes
  18. Backsplash installation
  19. Financing options for renovation
This approach not only improves your living environment but also supports your well-being.
They use cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly practices to reduce water waste and save you money in the long run. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability. Whether you're looking for a sleek, modern kitchen, a spa-like bathroom retreat, or a complete home makeover, they're ready to deliver. Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit.
Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. It's this personal touch, combined with professional expertise, that makes Canyon Property the smart choice for your renovation project. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail. Canyon stands out for numerous reasons.
Don't forget to check out their social media profiles. Our commitment to transparency means there are no surprises – you'll know what's happening at every stage. They're not just changing homes; they're redefining expectations, turning every project into a bespoke masterpiece that mirrors the dreams of its inhabitants. Door installation Behind every successful renovation project lies a team of skilled professionals dedicated to bringing your vision to life.

Explore Surrey Residential Remodeling here
Surrey Residential Remodeling Home Renovation Projects Company

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
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Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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