Home Remodeling Surrey

Home Remodeling Surrey

Electrical renovations

We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget. Their involvement goes beyond mere financial support; they're often seen rolling up their sleeves and getting involved at the ground level. This option taps into the value you've already built in your home, offering you a potentially large sum to cover renovation costs. Learn more about Home Remodeling Services in Surrey, BC here. Instead, it adds a unique charm and story to your home, all while reducing waste. Learn more about Home Remodeling Surrey here Canyon uses only the best materials and the latest techniques to deliver a result that's not just aesthetically pleasing but also durable.
We can help you reduce your carbon footprint and save on energy bills by integrating smart home technology, upgrading insulation, and more. Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out. Foundation repair
From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in. First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation. And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions. From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision. Flooring installation
They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises. At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation. That's why we offer transparent pricing and realistic timelines from the outset. You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us.



Home Remodeling Surrey - Closet renovations

  1. Modern home renovation Surrey
  2. Residential remodeling
  3. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  4. Best renovation experts Surrey
  5. Bedroom remodeling
  6. Wall removal services
  7. Fence and gate installation
  8. Kitchen renovation
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. House remodeling experts
  13. Basement finishing
  14. Walk-in shower installation
  15. Built-in storage solutions
  16. Roofing and gutters

We strive to minimize this impact by maintaining a tidy work site, adhering to agreed-upon work hours, and keeping open lines of communication so you're never left wondering what's happening next. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to making your renovation journey a success from start to finish. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. A quick call can often answer immediate questions and set up a more detailed discussion. It's this personal touch, combined with professional expertise, that makes Canyon Property the smart choice for your renovation project.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Closet renovations

  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Garage conversion
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Crown molding installation
  • Mudroom design
  • Home improvement services
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Sunroom addition
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Accessible home design
  • Project management
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Home addition services
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Whole house renovation


Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish. Energy-efficient renovations Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their approach to project management is designed to put your concerns at ease and bring your vision to life.

We install low-flow plumbing fixtures to reduce water usage without affecting performance. They use only the best materials and employ skilled craftsmen who are passionate about their work. In essence, choosing Canyon Property means you're opting for a seamless, stress-free renovation experience delivered by a team that values your satisfaction above all. We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have.

Some programs offer favorable terms or rebates for improvements that increase your home's energy efficiency. Your project could be their next success story, reflecting a perfect blend of aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. Canyon Property's renovation approach uniquely tailors each project to your specific needs, ensuring a personalized and efficient transformation of your space. But before you make any decisions, consider the testimonials from satisfied clients and how their experiences might mirror the outcome you're hoping for.

Home Design Surrey

Entity Name Description Source
Polybutylene Polybutylene is a type of plastic resin used in the production of piping and plumbing systems, known for its flexibility and low cost. source
Surrey, British Columbia Surrey is a city in British Columbia, Canada, known for its diverse population and rapid growth, making it one of the largest municipalities in the region. source
Plumbing Plumbing refers to the system of pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus required for the water supply and sanitation in a building. source
The Pipes "The Pipes" can refer to various contexts, often associated with plumbing systems or specific structures designed for water or gas conveyance. source

Surrey Home Transformation

Surrey is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is located south of the Fraser River on the Canada–United States border. It is a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver regional district and metropolitan area. Mainly a suburban city, Surrey is the province's second-largest by population after Vancouver and the third-largest by area after Abbotsford and Prince George. Seven neighbourhoods in Surrey are designated town centres: Cloverdale, Fleetwood, Guildford, Newton, South Surrey, and City Centre encompassed by Whalley.

Citations and other links

Luxury Home Renovations Home Remodeling Surrey

We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Flooring installation

  1. Bathroom tile renovation
  2. Backsplash installation
  3. Garage conversion
  4. Surrey renovation project planning
  5. Crown molding installation
  6. Mudroom design
  7. Home improvement services
  8. Entryway remodeling
  9. Sunroom addition
  10. Home remodeling consultation
  11. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  12. Accessible home design
  13. Project management
  14. Renovation cost estimates
  15. Sustainable renovation materials
  16. Home addition services
  17. Entertainment room renovation
  18. Whole house renovation
  19. Financing options for renovation
  20. Structural renovation
Their team of experienced designers listens to your ideas, preferences, and the specific requirements you have for your living space. Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach.
Whether you're looking for a modern makeover or a timeless design, we've got you covered. Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project. Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch.
Throughout this phase, communication is key. Read more about Home Remodeling Surrey here You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics. Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget.
You'll appreciate the way they prioritize understanding your vision. Energy efficiency is another key focus. Soundproofing renovation Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality.

Luxury Home Renovations Home Remodeling Surrey
Home Remodeling Surrey Home Refurbishment

Home Remodeling Surrey Home Refurbishment

From initial consultation to final reveal, Canyon Property Projects works closely with you to bring your vision to life, ensuring the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a vibrant living space, we're here to bring those visions to life. You're involved in every step, from selecting materials to finalizing designs. It's a solid option if you're looking for a straightforward, no-collateral-required solution. Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices.

They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy. Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days. You're not just updating your space; you're making a conscious decision to reduce your carbon footprint. They'll work closely with you to understand your vision, ensuring that every inch of your home reflects your personality and lifestyle.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Full-service renovation Surrey

  1. Fireplace remodeling
  2. Porch renovation
  3. Aging-in-place renovations
  4. Deck and patio remodeling
  5. Surrey heritage home restoration
  6. Custom design-build services
  7. Lighting upgrades
  8. Garage renovation
  9. Exterior home renovation
  10. Local home renovators Surrey
  11. Home insulation upgrades
  12. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  13. Plumbing upgrades
  14. Living room renovation
  15. Baseboard and trim renovation
  16. Modern home renovation Surrey


With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. Home gym remodeling Moreover, we understand that renovation can be disruptive. It's about making your space work better for you in every possible way. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine.

This dynamic method ensures that the end result isn't just what you asked for; it's more than you imagined. Imagine tearing down unnecessary walls to create an open, airy environment, or perhaps adding an extension to give your family the extra room it desperately needs. Our commitment to transparency means there are no surprises – you'll know what's happening at every stage. Our team's meticulously planned approach means you won't be left guessing what's next.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Exterior painting

  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Accessible home design
  • Project management
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Home addition services
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Structural renovation
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Window replacement
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home layout redesign


Full-service renovation Surrey

Home Remodeling Surrey Renovation Services

Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail. Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just apply a one-size-fits-all solution; we dive deep into what makes your space special to you. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation. What really makes us stand out is our commitment to transparency and communication.

We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. You're not just getting builders; you're partnering with seasoned designers, architects, and craftsmen who understand the nuances of creating a space that's both beautiful and functional. They listen to your ideas, offering expert guidance to refine and enhance the plan. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank. Surrey home renovation company

You'll be kept in the loop every step of the way, ensuring there are no surprises. Choosing us means investing in a future where home renovations go hand in hand with environmental stewardship. Another homeowner, Mike, highlights the efficiency of the process. Interior painting 'They completed our extension on time, without skimping on quality or sustainability,' he notes, emphasizing the rarity of finding such dedication.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Foundation repair

  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Window replacement
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home layout redesign
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Porch renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Custom design-build services
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Garage renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Home insulation upgrades
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  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Living room renovation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
Sustainability and personalization are set to take center stage.

Once you give the green light, the magic begins. Exterior painting Our team works closely with you at every step, ensuring that your vision comes to life exactly as you've imagined it. Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects. To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins.

Home Remodeling Surrey Renovation Services
Home Remodel Experts Home Remodeling Surrey
Home Remodel Experts Home Remodeling Surrey

We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail. As you delve into what's current, you'll discover that smart home technology integration is no longer just a luxury; it's becoming a staple in modern living.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Laminate flooring installation

  • Home office renovation
  • Tile installation services
  • Home renovation
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  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Drywall installation and repair
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  • Basement waterproofing
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We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches. Electrical renovations Deciding on Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation means choosing a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with excellence and precision. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation journey. You're encouraged to share your thoughts, adjustments, and preferences, making the process truly collaborative.

Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project. Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. It's not just about a beautiful finish; it's about creating environments that inspire and function seamlessly.

Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space. It's this initial deep dive into your expectations that sets the groundwork for a renovation project that truly reflects your desires. Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover?

Home Remodeling Surrey Bathroom Renovation Experts

They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Toilet installation

  • Home insulation upgrades
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  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Living room renovation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
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  • Residential remodeling
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  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Wall removal services
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  • Kitchen renovation
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  • Painting and wall finishes
When you choose them for your project, you're not just getting a renovation; you're getting a masterclass in precision and skill. Her approach is collaborative, always keeping your vision at the forefront while introducing innovative design elements that push the boundaries of traditional home decor. One key error is underestimating your budget. It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Home Remodeling Surrey looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly.
Whether it's the intricate tile work that makes a bathroom feel like a spa retreat or the seamless flow they create in kitchen spaces, Canyon Property Projects stands out as a beacon of quality and innovation in Home Remodeling Surrey's competitive market. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means partnering with a team that's dedicated to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction. Hearing directly from satisfied clients, you'll understand why Canyon Property Projects stands out in Home Remodeling Surrey for top-notch renovation services. Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life.
They've made it their mission to ensure that every renovation project they undertake is as unique as the individuals who live there. For families needing to accommodate remote work or homeschooling, Canyon incorporates smart storage solutions and adaptable furniture into their designs. One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials. As we move into the construction phase, you're kept in the loop with regular updates and progress reports.
With a keen eye for detail and a relentless pursuit of perfection, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures every corner of your home is finished to the highest standard. When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery. We pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and address any challenges swiftly, guaranteeing minimal disruption to your daily life. You'll notice that our designs emphasize natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and further decreasing energy consumption.

Explore Home Remodeling Surrey here
Home Remodeling Surrey Bathroom Renovation Experts

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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