Renovation Experts In Surrey

Renovation Experts In Surrey

Renovation cost estimates

Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation. Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism. Learn more about Renovation Experts In Surrey here Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Renovation Experts In Surrey residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too.
Moreover, Canyon Property Projects doesn't stop at materials. You'll discover that Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive array of services, ensuring every aspect of your home renovation is covered. Exterior painting Transforming your living areas into multifunctional spaces not only enhances your home's aesthetics but also maximizes its utility. Crown molding installation They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day. Learn more about Home Remodeling Services in Surrey, BC here.
With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd, we bring unparalleled expertise to every home renovation project in Renovation Experts In Surrey. During this initial step, we'll dive deep into what you envision for your space, the scope of the renovation, and any specific requirements or challenges your property might present. In the world of home renovations, finding a balance between expertise and innovation can often feel like a quest for a mythical creature, yet Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of reliability in Renovation Experts In Surrey, bringing a fresh perspective to traditional home makeover needs.
Feel free to reach out via phone at their dedicated customer service line. Firstly, we'll sit down with you for a thorough consultation. Next, our team conducts an in-depth assessment of your property. You've got a vision, and we've got the tools and techniques to bring it to life, from smart home integrations that offer control at your fingertips to eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics.

Renovation Experts In Surrey - Laundry room renovation

  1. Window replacement
  2. Porch renovation
  3. Attic renovation
  4. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  5. Interior remodeling
  6. Fireplace remodeling
  7. Bedroom remodeling
  8. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  9. Drywall installation and repair
  10. Foundation repair
  11. Basement waterproofing
  12. Custom home remodeling
  13. Walk-in shower installation
  14. Garage renovation
  15. Surrey heritage home restoration
  16. Interior painting
  17. Closet renovations
  18. Landscaping and hardscaping

From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to personalized design solutions means your renovated home won't just be functional and beautiful. Lighting upgrades Our approach is collaborative. You'll find our services extend to the exterior of your home as well.

Moreover, we leverage the latest technology to enhance our project management capabilities. Exploring the latest trends in home renovation can inspire you to customize your space with Canyon Property Projects.

Renovation Experts In Surrey - Outdoor kitchen installation

  1. Home improvement services
  2. Bathroom renovation
  3. Living room renovation
  4. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  5. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  6. Entryway remodeling
  7. Deck and patio remodeling
  8. Basement finishing
  9. Hardwood floor refinishing
  10. Financing options for renovation
  11. Crown molding installation
  12. Lighting upgrades
  13. Surrey custom home upgrades
  14. House remodeling experts
  15. Home energy audit
  16. Countertop installation
Laundry room renovation Canyon Property Projects Ltd. excels in breaking down the complexity of home renovations into manageable steps that align with your vision and budget.

Moving beyond custom solutions, we also embrace innovative design approaches to elevate your home renovation project. Through volunteer projects and partnerships with local organizations, Canyon Property Projects invests time and resources into initiatives that matter to you and your neighbors. With Canyon Property's project management excellence, you're not just renovating your home; you're enhancing your life.

You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager.

Renovation Experts In Surrey - Financing options for renovation

  1. Kitchen renovation
  2. Home office renovation
  3. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  4. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  5. Smart home upgrades
  6. Home improvement services
  7. Bathroom renovation
  8. Living room renovation
  9. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  10. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  11. Entryway remodeling
  12. Deck and patio remodeling
  13. Financing options for renovation
  14. Crown molding installation
  15. Lighting upgrades
  16. Surrey custom home upgrades
Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement.

Citations and other links

Complete House Makeover Renovation Experts In Surrey

This document outlines the project scope, timeline, and an accurate quotation. What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration. This level of customization means your home will grow and change with you, always providing the perfect backdrop to your life. You'll choose materials and technologies that not only reduce your carbon footprint but also enhance your living experience.

Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. We understand that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personal style and a sanctuary for your family. If you're looking to expand your living space, we also handle extensions and loft conversions, providing that much-needed extra room with seamless integration into your existing home layout.

So, when it's time to renovate, trust us to deliver a home that's as beautiful as it's well-made. This isn't about imposing trends or one-size-fits-all solutions. Open concept renovation It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives.

From custom cabinetry in the kitchen to intricately designed bathroom tiles, they're all about elevating your space to the next level. That's why we're committed to efficient timelines and transparent costings. In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions.

Complete House Makeover Renovation Experts In Surrey
Residential Makeover Services Renovation Experts In Surrey

Residential Makeover Services Renovation Experts In Surrey

Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes transparent communication. The interest rates are usually favorable, making it a popular choice. Embarking on your renovation journey, you'll first engage in a detailed consultation to align our vision with your dreams. This approach not only improves your living environment but also supports your well-being. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount. House remodeling experts
Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. When you embark on a renovation journey with them, you're not just getting a service; you're becoming part of a process that prioritizes your vision, comfort, and satisfaction above all else. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd means you're opting for a seamless blend of quality, reliability, and unmatched expertise. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run.
Canyon Property Projects is adept at adjusting schedules and finding solutions to keep your project moving forward. They're not just builders; they're creators of spaces that inspire culinary creativity and bring families together. The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property. Read more about Renovation Experts In Surrey here You'll appreciate how they listen to your ideas, providing innovative solutions that blend your vision with practicality and style.
At Canyon Property Projects, we dive deep into your desires, ensuring that every facet of the renovation process is clear and tailored to your expectations. Fence and gate installation This approach builds trust and ensures that your project aligns with your expectations and budget. They've got a knack for keeping things running smoothly, no matter how complex your vision is. In the ever-evolving landscape of home improvement, many have found a haven in Canyon Property Projects for their renovation needs in Renovation Experts In Surrey.

Interior Home Renovation Renovation Experts In Surrey

Their transparent communication keeps you informed every step of the way, ensuring the final result exceeds your expectations.

Renovation Experts In Surrey - House remodeling experts

  • Kitchen renovation
  • Home office renovation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Home improvement services
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Living room renovation
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Exterior painting
  • Open concept renovation
Moreover, modular designs will allow you to reconfigure your space effortlessly as your needs change, making your home truly future-proof. We're not just living in a more beautiful home, but a more environmentally conscious one too.'What stands out in these testimonials is the consistent mention of Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to their clients' visions and the planet's well-being. While DIY projects may seem cost-effective, they can lead to costly errors.

We use eco-friendly materials and methods that reduce waste, conserve energy, and minimize the carbon footprint of your renovation.

Interior Home Renovation Renovation Experts In Surrey
Home Remodeling Services Renovation Experts In Surrey
Home Remodeling Services Renovation Experts In Surrey

Canyon stands out for numerous reasons. The owners were thrilled, not just with the aesthetic upgrade but also with how we managed to reduce their energy bills significantly. Financing options for renovation Each option has its pros and cons, so it's about finding the right fit for your project and financial situation. At Canyon Property Projects, we specialize in transforming your space with high-quality renovations, ensuring every detail meets your vision and standards.

At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag. It's all about making sure you're comfortable and confident with the plan before any work begins. But what sets them apart isn't just their ability to renovate homes-it's their commitment to sustainable building practices and building a legacy within the community.

That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. As trends evolve and the future of home customization beckons, understanding the common mistakes to avoid becomes paramount. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're involved in every step, ensuring that our work aligns perfectly with your desires and specifications.

You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability. This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom. After exploring Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to sustainability, let's hear from the homeowners who've experienced their service firsthand. Surrey custom home upgrades



Renovation Experts In Surrey - Garage conversion

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Interior remodeling
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Foundation repair
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Garage renovation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Interior painting
  • Closet renovations
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Home office renovation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Smart home upgrades
Home Renovation Experts Renovation Experts In Surrey BC

We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail. As you delve into what's current, you'll discover that smart home technology integration is no longer just a luxury; it's becoming a staple in modern living.
We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches. Deciding on Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation means choosing a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with excellence and precision. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation journey. Renovation cost estimates You're encouraged to share your thoughts, adjustments, and preferences, making the process truly collaborative.
Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project. Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. It's not just about a beautiful finish; it's about creating environments that inspire and function seamlessly.
Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space. It's this initial deep dive into your expectations that sets the groundwork for a renovation project that truly reflects your desires. Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover?

Explore Renovation Experts In Surrey here
Home Renovation Experts Renovation Experts In Surrey BC

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
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Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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